Response-Based Measures of Psychological Stress
Horowitz MJ: Stress Response Syndromes (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Jason Aronson, 1986.

Stimulus-Based Measures of Psychological Stress
1.  Examples of Respondent-Based Measures of Acute Life Stressors
SRE (Social Readjustment Rating Scale)
Holmes TH, Rahe RH: The Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
J Psychosom Res 11: 213-218, 1967.
PERI 
Dohrenwend BS, Krasnoff L, Askenasy AR, Dohrenwend BP: Exemplification of a method
for scaling life events: the PERI life events scale. J Health Soc Behav 19: 205-229, 1978.
LOPES
Murrell SA, Norris FH, Hutchins GM: Distribution and desirability of life events in
older adults: Population and policy implications. J Comm Psychol 12: 301-311, 1984.
Life Events Scale (Sub-Core Measure, PMBC Core Battery)
Fried LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg CDM, Gardin JM, Kronal RA, Kuller LH,
Manolio TA, Mittelmark MB, Newman A, O’Leary DH, Psaty B, Rautaharju P, Tracy RP,
Weiler PG:  The Cardiovascular Health Study: Design and rationale.
Ann Epidemiol 1: 263-276, 1991.
Aldwin CM: The Elders Life Stress Inventory (ELSI): Research and clinical applications.
In: PA Keller, et al, eds. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book.  vol. 10.
Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press/ Professional Resource Exchange,
Inc., 1991; 335-364.

2.  Examples of Respondent-Based Measures of Chronic Life Stressors
Job Stress
Karasek RA, Theorell T: Healthy Work, Stress, Productivity and the Reconstruction
of Working Life. New York: Basic Books; 1990.
Karasek RA, Pieper C, Schwartz J, Fry LDS:  Job Content Instrument Questionnaire
and User's Guide. New York: Columbia Job/Heart Project; 1985.
http://www.workhealth.org

Marital Stress
Spanier GB. Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality
of marriage and similar dyads. J Marriage Family 38:15-28, 1976.

Caregiver Stress
National Center for Health Services Research and Health Care Technology Assessment,
Department of Health and Human Services: National Medical Expenditure Survey,
Round 2: Caregiver Supplement. Washington, DC: DHHS, 1987.
Williamson GM, Schulz R: Relationship orientation, quality of prior relationship, and
distress among caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. Psychol Aging 5: 502–509, 1990.

Multi-Domain Chronic Stress
Norris FH. Uhl GA: Chronic stress as a mediator of acute stress:
The case of Hurricane Hugo. J Appl Soc Psychol 23: 1263-1284, 1993.

3.  Examples of Investigator-Based Measures of Life Stressors
LEDS
Brown GW, Harris TO: Social Origins of Depression: A Study of Depressive
Disorder in Women. New York, NY: Free Press, 1978.
SEPARATE
Dohrenwend BP, Raphael KG, Schwartz S, Stueve A, Skodol A:  The structured event
probe and narrative rating method for measuring stressful life events.  In: L Goldberger,
S Breznitz, eds. Handbook of Stress: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects. New York, NY:
Free Press, 1993; 174-199.
DAS-C
Kessler RC, Wethington E: The reliability of life event reports in a community survey.
Psychol Med 21:723-738, 1991.
Munich Events List
Wittchen H, Essau CA, Hecht H, Teder W, Pfister H: Reliability of life event assessments:
Test-retest reliability and fall-off effects of the Munich Interview for the Assessment of Life
Events and Conditions. J Affect Disord 16:77-91, 1989.
Paykel Brief Life Event List
Paykel ES: The interview for recent life events.  Psychol Med 27: 301-310, 1997.
List of Recent Experiences
Henderson S, Byrne DG, Duncan-Jones P: Neurosis and the Social Environment.
New York: Academic Press, 1981.
LSLI
Wethington E, Kessler RC, Brown GW: Training Manual and Technical Report for the
Structured Life Events Inventory. Ithaca, NY: Life Course Institute, Cornell University, 1993.
Hammen Life Stress Interview
Hammen C, Mayol A, DeMayo R, Marks T:  Initial symptom levels and the life
event-depression relationship.  J Abnorm Psychol 95: 114-112, 1986..
Kendler Life Stress Interview
Kendler KS, Karkowski L, Prescott CA: Stressful life events and major depression:
risk period, long-term contextual threat and diagnostic specificity. J Nerv Ment Disord
186: 661-669, 1998.
SLEDS
Leserman J: Stressful Life Events and Difficulties (SLED) Interview: Training and Rating
Manual for the PREDICT Study. Chapel Hill, NC: Department of Psychiatry, University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003.

Transaction-based Measures of Psychological Stress
Perceived Stress Scale
Cohen S, Williamson GM: Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States.
In: S Spacapan, S Oskamp, eds. The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park:
Sage Publications, 1988.
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R: A global measure of life stress.
J Health Soc Behav 24: 385-396, 1983.
http://www.psy.cmu.edu/~scohen

Ecological Momentary Assessment Approach
Kamarck TW, Janicki DL, Shiffman S, Polk DE, Muldoon MF, Liebenauer LL,
Schwartz JE: Psychosocial demands and ambulatory blood pressure: A field
assessment approach. Physiol Behav 77: 699-704, 2002.
Kamarck TW, Muldoon M, Shiffman S, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Gwaltney CJ: Experiences of
demand and control in daily life as correlates of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in a
healthy older sample: The Pittsburgh Healthy Heart Project. Health Psychol 23: 24-32, 2004.
Janicki D, Kamarck TW, Shiffman S, Gwaltney CJ: Application of ecological momentary
assessment to the study of marital adjustment and social interactions during daily life.
J Family Psychol, in press.
Kamarck TW, Schwartz J, Shiffman S, Muldoon MF, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Janicki D:
Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular risk: What is the role of daily experience?
J Pers, in press.
Kamarck TW, Shiffman S, Muldoon MF, Sutton-Tyrrell K: Ecological momentary
assessment as a resource for social epidemiology. In: A Stone, S Shiffman, A Atienza,
R Nebeling, eds. The Science of Real-Time Data Capture: Self-Report in Health Research.
Oxford: Oxford University Press, in press.

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