| . |
 Type
of Measure: Modified from original. Based on a factor analysis
of the adjectives drawn from
the Profile of Mood States
(data from a preliminary study), six three-item scales were created.
There are three adjectives
representing each of three negative mood factors (anxiety, depression,
anger) and three adjectives
representing each of three positive mood factors (vigor, well being,
and calm). Factor analysis
indicates independent factors for negative and positive affect.
Role
in Center Model: Psychological Pathways
Purpose:
To assess positive and negative affect. Negative affect has been linked
to higher risk for
physical morbidity and mortality.
Positive affect is considered to be related to better health care
behaviors.
Description:
Subjects are presented with the 18 adjectives, randomly ordered, and asked
to rate
how often they felt this
way during the past week.
Scaling:
1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Frequently, 5 = Always
#
items: 18
Sample
items: “Happy” (well-being) “Full of pep” (vigor) “Calm” (calm)
“Depressed”
(depression)
“Hostile” (anger) “Tense” (anxiety)
Original
Psychometric Data: healthy volunteers (n=352 for the original
study and n=287 for a cross-validation study)
Reliability:
alphas for subscales range from .757 (fear) to .916 (anxiety)
Validity:
N/A
Additional
References:
 Bell
RA, Summerson JH, Spangler JG, Konen JC: Body fat, fat distribution, and
psychosocial
factors
among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Behav Med 24:138-143, 1998.
Benyamini,
Y., Idler, E.L., Leventhal, H., & Leventhal, E.A. (2000). Positive
affect and
function
as influences on self-assessments of health: expanding our view beyond
illness and
disability.
Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences & Social
Sciences,
55,107-116.
Buchanan
TW, al'Absi M, Lovallo WR: Cortisol fluctuates with increases and decreases
in
negative
affect. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24:227-241, 1999.
McCraty
R, Barrios-Choplin B, Rozman D, Atkinson M, Watkins AD: The impact of a
new
emotional
self-management program on stress, emotions, heart rate variability, DHEA
and
cortisol.
Integrative Physiol Behav Sci 33:151-170, 1998.
Ostir
GV, Markides KS, Black SA, Goodwin JS: Emotional well-being predicts subsequent
functional
independence and survival. J Am Geriatrics Soc 48:473-478, 2000.
Depression
Title:
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
Primary
Reference:
Radloff LS: The CES-D scale:
A self-report depression scale for research in the general population.
Appl Psychol Meas 1:385-401,
1977.
Type
of Measure: Modified from original. Shortened versions of the
CES-D have been found to be
highly correlated with the
full scale (r = .96) with little or no loss of sensitivity, specificity,
or internal
reliability (Shrout &
Yager, 1989) and the 10-item scale administered in this study has been
used
extensively in epidemiologic
research (e.g., the Cardiovascular Health Study; Fried et al., 1991 or
the Caregiver Health Effects
Study; Schulz et al., 1997).
Role
in Center Model: Psychological Pathways.
Purpose:
To assess depressive symptomatology. Depression has been associated with
increased
risk for physical morbidity
and mortality. It is also linked to dysregulated endocrine and immune
systems.
Description:
Subjects read ten sentences describing various depressive symptoms and
indicate
how often they have felt
like this during the past week.
Scaling:
0 = Rarely or none of the time, 1 = Some of the time, 2 = Occasionally,
3
= Most of the time
#
items: 10
Sample
items: “I was bothered by things that don’t usually bother me”
“I
felt that everything I did was an effort”
Original
Psychometric Data: (Shrout & Yager, 1989)
Community
sample (n=228); Patient sample (n=65)
Reliability:
Community sample: alpha = .84
Patient
sample: alpha = .91
Validity:
Correlates with other measures of depressive symptoms.
Has
been used successfully to detect cases of clinical depression.
Additional
References:
Cohen
S, Rodriguez MS: Pathways linking affective disturbances and physical disorders.
Health
Psychol 14:374-380, 1995.
Fried
LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg CD, Gardin JM, Kronmal RA, Kuller LH,
Manolio
TA, Mittelmark MB, Newman A, O'Leary DH, Psaty BM, Rautaharju P, Tracy
RP,
Weiler
PG: (1991). The Cardiovascular Health Study: Design and Rationale.
Ann
Epidemiol 1: 263-276, 1991.
Herbert
TN, Cohen S: Depression and immunity: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull
113:472-486,
1993.
Krantz
DS, Glass DC, Contrada R, Miller N: Behavior and health: Mechanisms and
research
issues.
Items (Soc Sci Res Council Newsletter) 35:1-6, 1981.
Linkins
RW, Comstock GW: Depressed mood and development of cancer. Am J Epidemiol
132:962-972,
1990.
Persky
VW, Kempthorne-Rawson J, Shekelle RB: Personality and risk of cancer: 20-year
follow-up
of the Western Electric Study. Psychosom Med 49:435-449, 1987.
Santor
DA, Coyne JC: Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases
of
depression.
Psychol Assess 9:233-243, 1997.
Schulz
R, Beach SR, Ives DG, Martire LM, Ariyo AA, Kop WJ: Association between
depression
and mortality in older adults. Arch Intern Med 160:1761-1768, 2000.
Schulz
R, Newsom J, Mittlemark M, Burton L, Hirsch C, Jackson S: Health effects
of
caregiving:
The Caregiver Health Effects Study: An ancillary study of the Cardiovascular
Health
Study. Ann Behav Med 19:110-116, 1997.
Shrout
PA, Yager TJ: Reliability and validity of screening scales: Effects of
reducing scale
length.
J Clin Epidemiol 42:69-78, 1989.
Life Satisfaction
Title:
The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS)
Primary
Reference:
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larson
RJ, Griffin S: The Satisfaction With Life Scale.
J Pers Assess 49:71-75,
1985.
Type
of Measure: Used without modification.
Role
in Center Model: Psychological Pathways.
Purpose:
To measure global life satisfaction. Life satisfaction is associated with
happiness
and positive mood states.
Description:
Subjects rate how much they agree with self-descriptive sentences about
their
satisfaction with life.
No time frame or referent period is used.
Scaling:
1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Slightly Disagree,
4
= Neither Agree nor Disagree. 5 = Slightly Agree, 6 = Agree, 7 = Strongly
Agree
#
items: 5
Sample
items: “In most ways, my life is close to my ideal” “I am satisfied
with my life”
Original
Psychometric Data: Undergraduates (n=176)
Reliability:
alpha = .87
Validity:
Does not correlate with social desirability.
Correlates
in an expected direction with other measures of subjective well-being
Additional
References:
Irving
G, Miller D, Robinson A, Reynolds S, Copas AJ: Psychological factors associated
with
recurrent vaginal candidiasis: A preliminary study. Sexually Transmitted
Infections
74:334-338,
1998.
Stress
Title:
Perceived Stress Scale
Primary
Reference:
Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein
R: A global measure of perceived stress.
J Health Soc Behav 24:385-396,
1983.
Type
of Measure: Used without modification.
Role
in Center Model: Psychological Pathways
Purpose:
To assess the degree to which people perceive their lives as stressful.
High levels of
stress are associated with
poor self-reported health, elevated blood pressure, depression, and
susceptibility to infection.
Description:
Subjects indicate how often they have found their lives unpredictable,
uncontrollable, and overloaded
in the last month.
Scaling:
1 = Never, 2 = Almost Never, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Fairly Often,
5
= Very Often
#
items: 10
Sample
items: “In the last month, how often have you been upset because
of something
that
happened unexpectedly?” “In the last month, how often have you felt
nervous
and “stressed””?
Original
Psychometric Data: General population (n=2387)
Reliability:
alpha = .78
Validity:
Correlates in a predicted way with other measures of stress
(Job
Responsibilities Scale, life events scales).
Additional
References:
Cohen
S, Frank E, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Rabin BS, Gwaltney, Jr. JM: Types of
stressors
that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy adults.
Health
Psychol 17:214-223, 1998.
Glaser
R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK: Chronic stress modulates the virus-specific immune
response
to latent herpes simplex virus Type 1. Ann Behav Med 19:78-82, 1997.
Glaser
R, Pearson GR, Bonneau RH, Esterling BA, Atkinson C, Kiecolt-Glaser JK:
Stress
and
the memory T-cell response to the Epstein-Barr virus in healthy medical
students.
Health
Psychol 12:435-442, 1993.
Stone
AA, Mezzacappa ES, Donatone NA, Gonder M: Psychosocial stress and social
support
are associated with prostate-specific antigen levels in men: Results from
a
community
screening program. Health Psychol 18:482-486, 1999.
Life Engagement/Purpose
Title:
Life Engagement Test (LET)
Primary
Reference:
Scheier MF, Wrosch C, Baum
A, Cohen S, Martire LM, Matthews KA, Schulz R, Zdaniuk B:
The Life Engagement Test:
Assessing purpose in life. J Behav Med 29:291-298, 2006.
Download(MS
Word .doc)
Type
of Measure: New – Created for PMBC research. Existing scales
(i.e., Ryff’s Purpose Scale,
Antonovsky’s Meaning Subscale
of the SOC Scale, Cella’s Purpose Scale and Thompson’s
Meaning Scale) often contain
a mix of past-, present- and future-focused items as well as items
confounding engagement with
evaluations of past achievement of life satisfaction. The new six-item
LET was designed (1) to
focus on life engagement as defined by being psychologically involved
with and committed to life’s
activities, (2) to minimize the extent to which items were based on an
affective reaction to life
engagement or past achievement (3) to focus exclusively on the present
time perspective (to facilitate
evaluation of change in life engagement over time), and (4) to contain
an equal number of positively
and negatively worded items.
Role
in Center Model: Psychological Pathways
Purpose:
To assess the extent to which a person is purposefully engaged in the current
activities
of life. Sense of purpose
has been found to correlate positively with life satisfaction, positive
mood
states, and happiness. It
is negatively associated with depression, has been linked to better
self-reported health, and
less emotional distress.
Description:
Subjects rate how much they agree with self-descriptive sentences about
the purposefulness of life.
Scaling:
1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly
Agree
#
items: 6
Sample
items: “There is not enough purpose in my life.” (reversed)
“To
me, the things I do are all worthwhile.”
Original
Psychometric Data: Eight different samples (N’s = 86 - 511)
Reliability:
Cronbach’s alphas: .72 - .87. Test-retest correlations: .61
- .76
Validity:
Correlates in a predicted direction with other psychosocial measures such
as
optimism,
life satisfaction, and perceived stress, and with health-relevant variables
such
as depressive symptoms and general health perception.
Additional
References:
Holohan
CK: Relation of life goals at age 70 to activity participation and health
and
psychological
well-being among Terman’s gifted men and women. Psychol Aging
3:286-291,
1988.
Lewis
FM: Experienced personal control and quality of life in late-stage cancer
patients.
Nurs
Res 31:113-119, 1982.
Reker
GT, Peacock EJ, Wong PTP: Meaning and purpose in life and well-being.
A
life-span perspective. J Gerontol 42:44-49, 1987.
Ryff
CD: Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological
well-being.
J Pers Soc Psychol 57:1069-1081, 1989.
Ryff
CD, Keyes CLM: The structure of psychological well-being revisited.
J
Pers Soc Psychol 69:719-727, 1995.
Ryff
CD, Lee YH, Essex MJ, Schmutte PS: My children and me: Midlife evaluations
of
grown
children and self. Psychol Aging 9:195-205, 1994.
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