| . |
 Primary
Reference:
Locke H, Wallace K: Short
marital-adjustment and prediction tests: Their reliability and validity.
Marriage Fam Living 21:251-255,
1959.
Type
of Measure: Used without modification.
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Social/Environmental Attributes
Purpose:
To measure marital adjustment and satisfaction among married participants
and those
in long-term committed relationship.
Conflict and lack of satisfaction in married couples has been
linked to increased SNS
activation (Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985) and modulation of immune
response (Kiecolt-Glaser,
Malarkey, Chee, Cacioppo, Mao, & Glaser, 1993).
Description:
Respondents answer a question about their general level of happiness in
the present
marriage or long-term live-in
relationship, their perception of the level of agreement between the
spouses on a number of issues,
ways of handling disagreement, and regrets that one might have
about being in this particular
relationship.
Scaling:
varies across questions
#
items: 15
Sample
items: “State the approximate extent of agreement or disagreement
between you
and
your mate on the following items: handling family finances, matters of
recreation,
etc.” “Do you and your mate engage in outside interests together?”
“Do
you ever wish you had not married?”
Original
Psychometric Data: white, middle class, Protestant (n=236)
Reliability:
Split-half reliability coefficient (Spearman-Brown formula) = .90
Validity:
People known to be well-adjusted in their marriage scored much higher on
the
scale
than maladjusted people.
Additional
References:
 Keefe
FJ, Caldwell DS, Baucom D, Salley A, Robinson E, Timmons K, Beaupre P,
Weisberg
J, Helms M: Spouse-assisted coping skills training in the management of
knee
pain
in osteoarthritis: Long-term follow-up results. Arthritis Care Res 12:101-111,
1999.
Kiecolt-Glaser
JK, Glaser R, Cacioppo JT, Malarkey WB: Marital stress: Immunologic,
neuroendocrine,
and autonomic correlates. Ann New York Acad Sci 840:657-663, 1998.
Kiecolt-Glaser
JK, Malarkey WB, Chee M, Newton T, Cacioppo JT, Mao HY, Glaser R:
Negative
behavior during marital conflict is associated with immunological down-regulation.
Psychosom
Med 55:395-409, 1993.
Levenson
RW, Gottman JM: Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective
exchange.
J
Pers Soc Psychol 45:587-597, 1983.
Social Network
Title:
The Social Network Index
Primary
Reference:
Cohen S, Doyle WJ, Skoner
DP, Rabin BS, Gwaltney JM: Social ties and susceptibility to the
common cold. JAMA 277:1940-1944,
1997.
Type
of Measure: Used without modification.
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Social/Environmental Attributes
Purpose:
To assesses participation in 12 social relationships. These include relationships
with a
spouse, parents, parents-in-law,
children, friends, workmates, etc. The Index measures three
aspects of social networks:
network diversity, number of people in the network, and number of
embedded networks. Belonging
to diverse social networks is associated with less susceptibility to
infection, lower mortality,
survival from myocardial infarction (Berkman, 1995), and cancer survival
(Helgeson & Cohen, 1996).
Description:
Respondents indicate participation in 12 social relationships and report
how many members of these relationships they communicate with at least
once a week.
Scaling:
N/A
#
items: 12
Sample
items: “How many children do you have?” “How many of your
children do you see
or
talk to on the phone at least once every 2 weeks?” “Are either of your
parents
living?” “Do you belong to a church, temple, or other religious group?”
Original
Psychometric Data: Not reported
Reliability:
Not reported
Validity:
Not reported
Additional
References:
Berkman
LF: The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosom Med
57:245-254,
1995.
Cohen
S, Frank E, Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Rabin BS, Gwaltney JM Jr:
Types
of stressors that increase susceptibility to the common cold in healthy
adults.
Health
Psychol 17:214-223, 1998.
Helgeson
V, Cohen S: Social support and adjustment to cancer: Reconciling descriptive,
correlational,
and intervention research. Health Psychol 15:135-148,1996.
Michael
YL, Colditz GA, Coakley E, Kawachi I: Health behaviors, social networks,
and
healthy aging: Cross-sectional evidence from the Nurses' Health Study.
Quality
of Life Res 8:711-722, 1999.
Social Support
Title:
The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL)
Primary
Reference:
Cohen S, Mermelstein R,
Kamarck T, Hoberman H: Measuring the functional components of social
support. In IG Sarason,
B Sarason (Eds.), Social Support: Theory, Research and Applications
(pp. 73-94). The Hague:
Martinus Nijhoff, 1985.
Type
of Measure: Modified from original. Original scale consists of
40 items (ten items in each of
the four sub-scales measuring
separate aspects of social support). The modified version includes
only three sub-scales (the
self-esteem sub-scale was excluded because it overlaps with the
self-esteem measure) and
only four highest-loading items for each sub-scale.
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Social/Environmental Attributes
Purpose:
To assess perceived availability of four types of social support (appraisal,
belonging,
self-esteem, and tangible).
Availability of social support has been linked to reduced mortality
(Rosengren, Orth-Gomer,
Wedel, & Wilhemsen, 1993) and improved psychological state
(Cohen & Wills, 1985).
Description:
Respondents indicate the extent to which sentences describing availability
of different
types of social support
in their lives are true or false. No time frame or referent period is used.
Scaling:
1 = Definitely False, 2 = Probably False, 3 = Probably True, 4 = Definitely
True
#
items: 12
Sample
items: “If I were sick, I could easily find someone to help me
with my daily chores”
(tangible)
“I don’t often get invited to do things with others” (reversed)
(belonging)
“When I need suggestions on how to deal with a personal
problem,
I know someone I can turn to” (appraisal)
Original
Psychometric Data: Multiple studies: undergraduate students and
general
population
samples.
Reliability:
undergraduate students, alpha = .77 - .86
general
population, alpha = .88 - .90
Validity:
Correlates positively with other support scales (Inventory of Socially
Supportive
Behaviors),
with number of close friends, and with the measure of the quality of
marital
relationships (Partner Adjustment Scale). The sub-scales are also
associated
in the predicted direction with related trait measures: self-esteem
subscale
correlates with self-esteem measure whereas appraisal subscale
correlates
with self-disclosure measure.
Additional
References:
Cohen
S: Social supports and physical health. In AL Greene, M Cummings, KH Karraker
(Eds.),
Life-span Developmental Psychology: Perspectives on Stress and Coping.
Hillsdale,
NJ:
Erlbaum Associates, 1991.
Cohen
S, Hoberman HM: Positive events and social supports as buffers of life
change stress.
J
Appl Soc Psychol 13:99-125, 1983.
Cohen
S, Wills TA: Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol
Bull
98:310-357,
1985
Dobkin
PL, Fortin PR, Joseph L, Esdaile JM, Danoff DS, Clarke, AE: Psychosocial
contributors
to mental and physical health in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Arthritis
Care Res 11:23-31, 1998.
Franks
P, Campbell TL, Shields CG: Social relationships and health: The relative
roles of
family
functioning and social support. Soc Sci Med 34:779-788, 1992.
King
KB, Reis HT, Porter LA, Norsen LH: Social support and long-term recovery
from
coronary
artery surgery: Effect on patients and spouses. Health Psychol 12:56-63,
1993
Rosengren
A, Orth-Gomer K, Wedel H, Wilhemsen L: Stressful life events, social support
and
mortality in men born in 1933. Br Med J 307:1102-1105, 1993.
Schonfeld
IS: Dimensions of functional social support and psychological symptoms.
Psychol
Med 21:1051-1061, 1991.
Negative Interaction
Title:
Negative Interaction Items
Primary
Reference:
Krause N: Negative interaction
and satisfaction with social support among older adults.
J Gerontol Psychol
Sci 50B:59-73, 1995.
Type
of Measure: Modified from original. The Mind/Body version includes
the original 4-item scale
plus one item adapted from
the MIDMAC (based on Schuster, Kessler, & Aseltine, 1990) measure
(“How often do they let
you down when you are counting on them?”)
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Social/Environmental Attributes
Purpose:
To assess frequency of negative interactions with significant others. Negative
interactions
predict depressed mood and
are associated with higher body mass index among elderly, introverted
women.
Description:
Respondents indicate how often their significant others are critical or
demanding
towards them. In the present
study, a time frame of the past month is used.
Scaling:
1 = Never, 2 = Once In A While, 3 = Fairly Often, 4 = Very Often
#
items: 5
Sample
items: “In the past month, how often have others pried into your
affairs?”
“In
the past month, how often have others taken advantage of you?”
Original
Psychometric Data: Retired, 65 years of age or older (n=1103)
Reliability:
alpha = .87
Validity:
Correlates negatively with the satisfaction with received support.
Additional
References:
Krause
N, Thompson E: Negative interaction and body weight in later life.
International
J Aging Hum Dev 45:305-321, 1997.
Rauktis
ME, Koeske GF, Tereshko O: Negative social interactions, distress, and
depression
among
those caring for a seriously and persistently mentally ill relative. Am
J Comm Psychol
23:279-299,
1995.
Schuster
TL, Kessler RC, Aseltine RH: Supportive Interactions, Negative Interactions,
and
Depressed Mood. Am J Comm Psychol 18:423-438, 1990.
Sharpe
PA, Connell CM, Gallant MP: Measurement of social interaction in change
of health
behavior.
Psychol Reports 77:867-871, 1995.
Job Environment
Title:
Job Environment Inventory
Primary
Reference:
Matthews
KA, Cottington EM, Talbott EO, Kuller LH, Siegel JM: Stressful work conditions
and
diastolic blood pressure among blue collar workers. Am J Epidemiol
126:280-291, 1987.
Cottington
EM: Occupational stress, psychosocial modifiers, and blood pressure in
a
blue-collar
population. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School
of Public
Health,
Pittsburgh, PA, 1983.
Type
of Measure: Modified from original. The Mind/Body version of
the scale consists of nine
questions selected from
the original Job Environment Inventory. Selected items are relevant to
participant’s perception
of control over her or his job conditions, utilization of her/his skill
and
knowledge and the perception
of demands associated with her/his job.
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Social/Environmental Attributes
Purpose:
To assess stressful work conditions. Work characteristics have been linked
to prevalence
and incidence of CHD, stroke,
and hypertension.
Description:
Respondents indicate how often and to what extent they experience certain
conditions
on their job.
Scaling:
Varies across questions.
#
items: 9
Sample
items: “How often are you the one who decides when you will work
fast and when
you
will take it easy?” “How frequently during the average workday does your
job
require you to work very fast?” “On the job, how often are you given a
chance
to do the things you do best?”
Original
Psychometric Data: White, male, blue-collar workers age 40-63
(n=288)
Reliability:
alpha = .62 - .88
Validity:
Correlates positively with other job environment and job satisfaction measures.
Additional
References:
Cheng
Y, Kawachi I, Coakley EH, Schwartz J, Colditz G: Association between psychosocial
work
characteristics and health functioning in American women: prospective study.
Br Med J
320:1432-1436,
2000.
Haan
MN: Job strain and ischemic heart disease: An epidemiologic study of metal
workers.
Ann
Clin Res 20:143-145, 1988.
Karasek
RA, Theorell T, Schwartz JE, Schnall PL, Pieper CF, Michela JL:
Job
characteristics in Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES).
Am
J Publ Health 78:910-918, 1988.
Lundberg
U: Stress responses in low-status jobs and their relationship to health
risks:
musculoskeletal
disorders. Ann New York Acad Sci 896:162-172, 1999.
Marmot
MG, Bosma H, Hemingway H, Brunner E, Stansfeld S: Contribution of job control
and
other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence.
Lancet
350:235-239, 1997.
Siegrist
J, Peter R, Junge A, Cremer P, Seidel D: Low status control, high effort
at work
and
ischemic heart disease: Prospective evidence from blue-collar men. Soc
Sci Med
31:1127-1134,
1990.
Life Events
(Sub-core measure)
Title:
Life Events Scale
Primary
Reference:
Fried
LP, Borhani NO, Enright P, Furberg CD, Gardin JM, Kronmal RA, Kuller LH,
Manolio
TA, Mittelmark MB, Newman A, O’Leary DH, Psaty B, Rautaharju P, Tracy RP,
Weiler
PG: The Cardiovascular Health Study: Design and rationale. Ann Epidemiol
1:263-276,
1991.
Aldwin
CM: The Elders Life Stress Inventory (ELSI): Research and clinical applications.
In
PA Keller, SR Heyman et al. (Eds.), Innovations in Clinical Practice: A
Source Book
(Vol.
10, pp. 355-364). Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press/Professional
Resource
Exchange,
Inc., 1991.
Type
of Measure: Modified from originals - Hybrid. A number of items
assessing recent stressful
life events were selected
from the two sources referenced above.
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Social/Environmental
Purpose:
To assess the number of recent stressful life events. Stressful life
events have been
linked to myocardial infarction
and other serious illnesses.
Description:
Respondents indicate by Yes/No whether they have experienced a particular
event
in the previous 6-month
period.
Scaling:
N/A
#
items: 15
Sample
items: “Death of a close friend or family member” “Change in
personal finances”
“Burglary
or assault of yourself or a close friend or family member”
Original
Psychometric Data: (available only for Aldwin, 1991)
Reliability:
N/A
Validity:
Correlated moderately in the predicted direction with self-reported physical
and
mental health symptoms.
Additional
References:
Aldwin
CM, Levenson MR, Spiro A III, Bosse R: Elders Life Stress Inventory.
Haney
CA: Life events as precursors of coronary heart disease. Soc Sci Med
14A:119-126,
1980.
Hollis
JF, Connett JW, Stevens VJ, Greenlick MR: Stressful life events, type A
behavior,
and
the prediction of cardiovascular and total mortality over six years. J
Behav Med
13:
263-281, 1990.
Rosengren
A, Orth-Gomer K, Wedel H, Wilhemsen L: Stressful life events, social support
and
mortality in men born in 1933. Br Med J 307:1102-1105, 1993.
Welte
JW, Mirand AL: Drinking, problem drinking and life stressors in the elderly
general
population.
J Stud Alcohol 56:67-73, 1995.
Religiosity
(Sub-core measure)
Title:
Global Religious Background
Primary
Reference:
Koenig
H: Aging and God: Spiritual Pathways to Mental Health in Midlife and Later
Years.
New
York: Hayworth Press, 1994.
Pargament
K, Cole B, Vandecreek L, Belavich T, Brant C, Perez L: The Vigil: Religion
and
the
search for control in the hospital waiting room. J Health Psychol
4:327-341, 1999.
Type
of Measure: Modified from originals - Hybrid. Items were selected
from several studies
examining religious coping.
Role
in Center Model: Chronic/Stable Burdens and Resources:
Personal Attributes
Purpose:
To assess global measures of religiousness. Religiosity and religious coping
has been
associated with levels of
distress among women newly diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer.
It has been linked to immune
responses among HIV-infected men and to blood pressure levels
among women.
Description:
Respondents indicate their attendance at religious services, frequency
of
prayer/meditation, self-reported
religiousness and spirituality, and religious affiliation. No time
frame or referent period
is used.
Scaling:
Varies across questions.
#
items: 5
Sample
items: “What is your religious affiliation or preference?” “How
often do you attend
religious
practices?” “To what extent do you consider yourself to be a
spiritual
person?”
Original
Psychometric Data: N/A
Reliability:
N/A
Validity:
N/A
Additional
References:
Alferi
SM, Culver JL, Carver CS, Arena PL, Antoni MH: Religiosity, religious coping,
and
distress:
A prospective study of Catholic and Evangelical Hispanic women in treatment
for
early-stage
breast cancer. J Health Psychol 4:343-356, 1999.
Hixson
KA, Gruchow HW, Morgan DW: The relation between religiosity, selected health
behaviors,
and blood pressure among adult females. Prev Med 27:545-552, 1998.
Woods
TE, Antoni MH, Ironson GH, Kling DW: Religiosity is associated with affective
and
immune
status in symptomatic HIV-infected gay men. J Psychosom Res 46:165-176,
1999.
Zinnbauer
B, Pargament K, Cole B, Rye M, Butter E, Belavich T, Hipp K, Scott A, Kadar
J:
Religion
and spirituality: Unfuzzying the fuzzy. J Scientific Study Religion
36:549-564, 1997.
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