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General Measures
American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Practice Parameters
Polysomnography
Questionnaires
Actigraphy
Sleep Disordered Breathing

*All of the details on this page are available as a Word document or PDF file.


General Measures
BackhausJ, Juhghanns K, Broocks A, Riemann D, Hohagen F: Test-retest
reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia.
J Psychosom Res 53:737-740, 2002.
Bradley TD, Floras JS: Sleep apnea and heart failure. Part I:
Obstructive sleep apnea.  Circulation 107:1671-1678, 2003.
Bradley TD, Floras JS: Sleep apnea and heart failure. Part II: Central sleep apnea.
Circulation 107:1822-1826, 2003.

. Caples SM, Olk R, Somers VK: Influence of cardiac function and failure on sleep-
disordered breathing: Evidence for a causative role.  J Appl Physiol 99: 2433-2439, 2005.
Kohnlein T, Welte T, Tan LB, Elliott MW: Central sleep apnoea syndrome in patients with
chronic heart disease: A critical review of the current literature. Thorax 57:547-554, 2002.
Leung RST, Bradley DT: Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 2147-2165, 2001.
Lipkin DR: Sleep-disordered breathing in chronic stable heart failure.
Lancet 354: 531-532, 1999.
Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Kennedy KS, Pods JM, DeGrazia JM, Miewald JM:
Measuring sleep habits without using a diary:   The sleep timing questionnaire.
Sleep 26: 208-212, 2003.
Strollo PJ Jr, Rogers RM: Obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med 334: 99-104, 1996.
White DP:  The pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea.
Advances in the past 100 years.  Am J Respir Cell Molec Biol 34: 1-6, 2006.
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American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Practice Parameters
Chesson A Jr, Hartse K, Anderson WM, Davila D, Johnson S, Littner M, Wise M,
Rafecas J: Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia.  Sleep 23: 1-5, 2000.
Chesson AL Jr, Anderson WM, Littner M, Davlia D, Hartse K, Johnson S, Wise M,
Rafecas J: Practice parameters for the nonpharmacologic treatment of chronic insomnia.
Sleep 22:1-6, 1999.
Chesson AL Jr, Berry RB, Pack A:  Practice parameters for the use of portable
monitoring devices in the investigation of suspected obstructive sleep apnea in adults.
Sleep 26:908-913, 2003.
Chesson AL Jr, Ferber FA, Fry JM, Grigg-Damberger M, Hartse KM, Hurwitz D,
Johnson S, Littner M, Kader GA, Rosen G, Sangal RB, Schmidt-Nowara W, Sher A:
Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures.
Sleep 20: 406-422, 1997. 
Chesson AL Jr, Littner M, Davlia D, Anderson WD, Grigg-Damberger M, Hartse K,
Johnson S, Wise M: Practice parameters for the use of light therapy in the treatment
of sleep disorders.  Sleep 22: 641-660, 1999.
Chesson AL Jr, Wise M, Davlia D, Johnson S, Littner M, Anderson WM, Hartse K,
Rafecas J: Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and the
periodic limb movement disorder.  Sleep 22: 961-968, 1999.
Kushida CA, Littner MR, Morgenthaler T, Alessi CA, Bailey D, Coleman J Jr, Friedman L,
Hirshkowitz M, Kapen S, Kramer M, Lee-Chiong T, Loube DL, Owens J, Pancer JP,
Wise M: Practice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related
procedures: An update for 2005.  Sleep 28:499-521, 2005.
Littner M, Hirshkowitz M, Davlia D, Anderson WM, Kushida CA, Woodson BT,
Johnson SF, Wise MS:  Practice parameters for the use of auto-titrating continuous
positive airway pressure devices for titrating pressures and treating adults patients with
obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.  Sleep 25: 143-147, 2002.
Littner M, Hirshkowitz M, Kramer M, Kapen S, Anderson WM, Bailey D, Berry RB,
Davlia D, Johnson S, Kushida C, Loube DI, Wise M, Woodson BT:  Practice parameters
for using polysomnography to evaluate insomnia: An update.  Sleep 26: 754-760, 2003.
Littner M, Kushida CA, Hartse K, Anderson WM, Davlia D, Johnson SF, Wise MS,
Hirshkowitz M, Woodson BT: Practice parameters for the use of laser-assisted
uvulopalatoplasty: An update for 2000.  Sleep 24: 603-619, 2001.
Littner MR, Johnson SF, McCall WV, Anderson WM, Davila D, Hartse K, Kushida CA,
Wise MS, Hirshkowitz M, Woodson B: Practice parameters for the treatment of
narcolepsy: An update for 2000.  Sleep 24:451-466, 2001.
Littner MR, Kushida C, Anderson WM, Bailey D, Berry RB, Hirshkowitz M, Kapen S,
Kramer M, Lee-Chiong T, Li KK, Loube DL, Morgenthaler T, Wise M: Practice parameters
for the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement
disorder.  Sleep 27: 557-559, 2004.
Littner MR, Kushida C, Wise M, Davlia DG, Morgenthaler T, Lee-Chiong T, Hirshkowitz M,
Loube DL, Bailey D, Berry RB, Kapen S, Kramer M: Practice parameters for clinical use
of the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test.
Sleep 28: 113-121, 2005.
Littner MR, Kushida CA, Anderson WM, Bailey D, Berry RB, Davila DG, Hirshkowitz M,
Kapen S, Kramer M, Loube D, Wise M, Johnson SF: Practice parameters for the role of
actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms: An update for 2002.
Sleep 26:337-341, 2003.
Thorpy M, Chesson A, Derderian S, Kader G, Millman R, Potolicchio S Jr, Rosen G,
Strollo PJ Jr: Practice parameters for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults:
The efficacy of surgical modifications of the upper airway.  Sleep 19: 152-155, 1996.
Thorpy M, Chesson A, Derderian S, Kader G, Millman R, Potolicchio S Jr, Reite M,
Rosen G, Strollo PJ Jr, Wooten V: Practice parameters for the use of laser-assisted
uvulopalatoplasty.  Sleep 17: 744-748, 1994.
Thorpy M, Chesson A, Derderian S, Kader G, Millman R, Potolicchio S Jr, Rosen G,
Strollo PJ Jr: Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the clinical assessment of
sleep disorders.  Sleep 18: 285-287, 1995.
Thorpy M, Chesson A, Derderian S, Kader G, Millman R, Potolicchio S Jr, Rosen G,
Strollo PJ Jr, Wooten V: Practice parameters for the treatment of snoring and obstructive
sleep apnea with oral appliances.  Sleep 18: 511-513, 1995.
Thorby M, Chesson A, Ferber R, Kader G, Millman R, Reite M, Smith P, Wooten V:
Practice parameters for the use of portable recording in the assessment of obstructive
sleep apnea.  Sleep 17: 372-377, 1994. 
Thorby M, Chesson A, Ferber R, Kader G, Millman R, Reite M, Smith P, Wooten V:
Practice parameters for the use of stimulants in the treatment of narcolepsy.
Sleep 17: 348-351, 1994.
Thorpy M, Chesson A, Kader G, Millman R, Potolicchio S Jr, Reite M, Rosen G,
Wooten V:  Practice parameters for the use of polysomnography in the evaluation of
insomnia.  Sleep 18: 55-57, 1995.
Thorpy MJ, Westbrook P, Ferber R, Frederickson P, Mahowald M, Perez-Guerra F,
Reite M, Smith P: The clinical use of the multiple sleep latency test.
Sleep 15: 268-276, 1992.
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Polysomnography
Anderer P, Gruber G, Parapatics S, Woertz M, Miazhynskaia T, Klosch G, Saletu B,
Zeitlhofer J, Barbanoj MJ, Danker-Hopfe H, Kimanen SL, Kemp B, Penzel T, Gorziner M,
Kunz D, Rappelsberger P, Schlogl A, Dorffner G:  An E-health solution for autonomic sleep
classification according to Rechtschaffen and Kales: Validation study of the Somnolyzer
24 x 7 utilizing the Siesta database.  Neuropsychobiol 51: 115-133, 2005.
Louis RP, Lee J, Stephenson R: Design and validation of a computer-based
sleeps-scoring algorithm.  J Neurosci Meth 133:71-80, 2004.
Quan SF, Griswold ME, Iber C, Nieto FJ, Rapoport DM, Redline S, Sanders S,
Young T: Short-term variability of respiration and sleep during unattended nonlaboratory
polysomnography – The Sleep Heart Health Study.  Sleep 25:8-14, 2002.
Redline S, Sanders MH, Lind BK, Quan SF, Iber C, Gottlieb DJ, Bonekat WH,
Rapoport DM, Smith PL, Kiley JP: Methods for obtaining and analyzing unattended
polysomnography data for a multicenter study.  Sleep 21: 759-767, 1998.
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Questionnaires
Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF III, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ: The Pittsburgh
Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research.
Psychiatr Res 28: 193-213, 1989.
Devine EB, Hakim Z, Green J: A systematic review of patient-reported outcome instruments measuring sleep dysfunction in adults.  Pharmacoeconomics 23: 889-912, 2006.
Medical Outcomes Study
NHANES 2005
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Actigraphy
Validation Studies
Ancoli-Israel S, Cole R, Alessi C, Chambers M, Moorcroft W, Pollak CP: The role
of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep 26: 342-392, 2003.
Benson K, Friedman L, Noda A, Wicks D, Wakabayashi E, Yesavage J: The
measurement of sleep by actigraphy: direct comparison of 2 commercially available
actigraphs in a nonclinical population. Sleep 27:986-989, 2004.
de Souza L, Benedito-Silva AA, Pires ML, Poyares D, Tufik S, Calil HM: Further
validation of actigraphy for sleep studies. Sleep 26: 81-85, 2003.
Jean-Louis G, Kripke DF, Cole RJ, Assmus JD, Langer RD: Sleep detection
with an accelerometer actigraph: comparisons with polysomnography.
Physiol Behav 72: 21-28, 2001.
Littner M, Kushida CA, Anderson WM, Bailey D, Berry RB, Davila DG, Hirshkowitz M,
Kapen S, Kramer M, Loube D, Wise M, Johnson SF: Standards of Practice Committee
of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Practice parameters for the role of actigraphy
in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms: An update for 2002. Sleep 26: 337-341, 2003.
Lockley SW, Skene DJ, Arendt J: Comparison between subjective and actigraphic
measurement of sleep and sleep rhythms. J Sleep Res 8: 175-183, 1999.
Lotjonen J, Korhonen I, Hirvonen K, Eskelinen S, Myllymaki M, Partinen M: Automatic
sleep-wake and nap analysis with a new wrist worn online activity monitoring device
vivago WristCare. Sleep 26: 86-90, 2003.
Pollak CP, Tryon WW, Nagaraja H, Dzwonczyk R: How accurately does wrist
actigraphy identify the states of sleep and wakefulness?  Sleep 24: 957-965, 2001
Sforza E, Zamagni M, Petiav C, Krieger J: Actigraphy and leg movements during sleep:
a validation study. J Clin Neurophysiol 16: 154-160, 1999.
Special Populations
Ancoli-Israel S, Clopton P, Klauber MR, Fell R, Mason W: Use of wrist activity for
monitoring sleep/wake in demented nursing-home patients. Sleep 20: 24-27, 1997.
Gagnadoux F, Nguyen XL, Rakotonanahary D, Vidal S, Fleury B: Wrist-actigraphic
estimation of sleep time under nCPAP treatment in sleep apnoea patients.
Eur Respir J. 23: 891-895, 2004.
Greco KE, Deaton C, Kutner M, Schnelle JF, Ouslander JG: Psychoactive
medications and actigraphically scored sleep quality in frail nursing home patients.
J Am Med Dir Assoc 5: 223-227, 2004.
Jean-Louis G, Mendlowicz MV, Gillin JC, Rapaport MH, Kelsoe JR, Zizi F, Landolt H,
von Gizycki H: Sleep estimation from wrist activity in patients with major depression.
Physiol Behav 70: 49-53, 2000.
Jean-Louis G, Mendlowicz MV, Von Gizycki H, Zizi F, Nunes J: Assessment
of physical activity and sleep by actigraphy: examination of gender differences.
J Womens Health Gender-Based Medi 8: 1113-1117, 1999.
Korszun A, Young EA, Engleberg NC, Brucksch CB, Greden JF, Crofford LA:
Use of actigraphy for monitoring sleep and activity levels in patients with fibromyalgia
and depression. J Psychosom Res 52: 439-443, 2002.
Monk TH, Buysse DJ, Rose LR: Wrist actigraphic measures of sleep in space.
Sleep 22:948-954, 1999.
Signal TL, Gale J, Gander PH: Sleep measurement in flight crew:
Comparing actigraphic and subjective estimates to polysomnography.
Aviation Space Environ Med 76: 1058-1063, 2005.
So K, Buckley P, Adamson TM, Horne RS: Actigraphy correctly predicts sleep
behavior in infants who are younger than six months, when compared with
polysomnography. Pediatr Res 58: 761-765, 2005.
Tworoger SS, Davis S, Vitiello MV, Lentz MJ, McTiernan A:Factors associated
with objective (actigraphic) and subjective sleep quality in young adult women.
J Psychosom Res 59: 11-19, 2005. 
Van Someren EJ: Actigraphic monitoring of movement and rest-activity rhythms in aging,
Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. IEEE Trans Rehab Eng 5: 394-398, 1997.
Wolfson AR, Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Seifer R, Fallone G, Labyak SE, Martin JL:
Evidence for the validity of a sleep habits survey for adolescents.  Sleep 26: 213-216, 2003.
Yoon IY, Kripke DF, Youngstedt SD, Elliott JA: Actigraphy suggests age-related
differences in napping and nocturnal sleep. J Sleep Res 12:87-93, 2003.
Hayes MJ, Mitchell D: Spontaneous movements during sleep in children:
Temporal organization and changes with age. Dev Psychobiol 32:13-21, 1998.
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Sleep Disordered Breathing
Hypopnea
American Academy of Sleep Medicine Task Force:  Sleep-related breathing disorders
in adults:  Recommendations for syndrome definition and measurement techniques in
clinical research.  Sleep 22:667-689, 1999.
Hosselet J-J, Ayappa I, Norman RG, Krieger AC, Rapoport DM:  Classification of
sleep-disordered breathing.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 398-405, 2001.
Meoli AL, Casey KR, Clark RW, Coleman JA Jr, Fayle RW, Roell RJ, Iber C:
Hypopnea in sleep-disordered breathing in adults.  Sleep 24: 469-470, 2001.
Redline S, Sanders M:  Hypopnea, a floating metric:  Implications for prevalence,
morbidity estimates, and case finding.  Sleep 20: 1209-1217, 1997.
Thurnheer R, Xie X, Bloch KE:  Accuracy of nasal cannula pressure recordings for
assessment of ventilation during sleep.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1914-1919, 2001.
Oximetry
Baltzan MA, Verschelden P, Al-Jahdali H, Olha AE, Kimoff RJ: Accuracy of oximetry
with thermistor (OxiFlow) for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea.
Sleep 23: 1-9, 2000.
Davlia DG, Richards KC, Marshall BL, O’Sullivan PS, Gregory TG, Hernandez VJ,
Rice SI:  Oximeter performance. The influence of acquisition parameters.
Chest 122: 1654-1660, 2002.
Davlia DG, Richards KC, Marshall BL, O’Sullivan PS, Osbahr LA, Huddleston RB,
Jordan JC: Oximeter’s acquisition parameter influences the profile of respiratory disturbances.
Sleep 26:91-95, 2003.
Farre R, Montserrat JM, Ballester E, Hernandez L, Rotger M, Navajas D: Importance of
the pulse oximeter averaging time when measuring oxygen desaturation in sleep apnea.
Sleep 21: 386-390, 1998.
Gurubhagavatula I, Maislin G, Pack AI:  An algorithm to stratify sleep apnea risk in a
sleep disorders clinic population.  Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164: 1904-1909, 2001.
Netzer N, Eliasson AH, Netzer C, Kristo DA:  Overnight pulse oximetry for
sleep-disordered breathing in adults.  A review.  Chest 120: 625-633, 2001.
Roche N, Herer B, Roig C, Huchon G:  Prospective testing of two models based on clinical
and oximetric variables for prediction of osbstructive sleep apnea.  Chest 121: 747-752, 2002.
Portable Monitoring
Boehlecke B: Controversies in monitoring and testing for sleep-disordered breathing.
Curr Opin Pulm Med 7: 372-380, 2001.
Chesson AL Jr, Berry RB, Pack A: Practice parameters for the use of portable
monitoring devices in the investigation of suspected obstructive sleep apnea in adults.
Sleep 26: 907-913, 2003.
Douglass NJ: Home diagnosis of the objective sleep apnoea/hypopnea syndrome.
Sleep Med Rev 7: 53-59, 2003.
Executive summary on the systematic review and practice parameters for
portable monitoring in the investigation of suspected sleep apnea in adults.
Am J Repir Crit Care Med 169: 1160-1163, 2004.
Flemons WW, Littner MR: Measuring agreement between diagnostic devices.
Chest 124: 1535-1542, 2003.
Flemons WW, Littner MR, Rowley JA, Gay P, Anderson WD, Hudgel DW, McEvoy RD,
Loube DI: Home diagnosis of sleep apnea: A systematic review of the literature.
Chest 124: 1543-1579, 2003.
Gagnadoux F, Pelletier-Fleury N, Philippe C, Rakotonanahary D, Fleury B:
Home unattended vs. hospital telemonitored polysomnography in suspected obstructive
sleep apnea syndrome. A randomized crossover trial.  Chest 121: 753-758, 2002.
Li CK, Flemons WW: State of home sleep studies. Clin Chest Med 24: 283-295, 2003.
Pathophysiology
Jordan AS, White DP, Fogel RB: Recent advances in understanding the
pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea.  Curr Opin Pulm Med 9: 459-464, 2003.
Younes M, Ostrowski M, Thompson W, Leslie C, Shewchuk W: Chemical control stability
in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163: 1181-1190, 2001.
White DP:  Pathogenesis of obstructive and central sleep apnea.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172: 1363-1370, 2005.
SDB Questionnaires
Flemons WW: Measuring quality of life in patients with sleep apnoea:
Whose life is it anyway? (Editorial) Thorax 59: 457-458, 2004.
Flemons WW, Reimer MA: Development of a disease-specific health-related quality
of life questionnaire for sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care med 158: 494-503, 1998.
Flemons WW, Whitelaw WA, Brant R, Remmers JE: Likelihood ratios for a sleep
apnea clinical prediction rule. Am J Repir Crit Care Med 150: 1279-1285, 1994.
Gliklich RE, Wang P-C: Validation of the snore outcomes survey for patients with
sleep-disordered breathing.  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128: 819-824, 2002.
Lacasse Y, Bureau M-P, Series F: A new standardised and self-administered quality
of life questionnaire specific to obstructive sleep apnea.  Thorax 59: 494-499, 2004.
Maislin G, Gurubhagavatula I, Hachadoorian R, Pack F, O’Brien E, Bogage A,
Staley B, Dinges DF, Pack AI:  Operating characteristics of the multivariable
apnea prediction index in non-clinic populations.
Poster presented at the annual meeting of____, post-1995.
Maislin G, Pack AI, Kribbs NB, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, Kline LR, Schwab RJ,
Dinges DF: A survey screen for prediction of apnea. Sleep 18: 158-166, 1995.
Nardone DA: Risk for obstructive sleep apnea. (Letter to Editor)
Ann Intern Med 132: 758, 2000.
Netzer NC, Stoohs RA, Netzer CM, Clark K, Strohl KP: Using the Berlin Questionnaire to
identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome.  Ann Intern Med 131: 485-491, 1999.
Rowley JA, Aboussouan LS, Safwan Badr M: The use of clinical prediction formulas
in the evaluation of obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep 23: 929-938, 2000.
Weaver TE, Laizner AM, Evans LK, Maislin G, Chugh DK, Lyon K, Smith PL,
Achwartz AR, Redline S, Pack AI, Dinges DF: An instrument to measure functional
status outcomes for disorders of excessive sleepiness.  Sleep 20: 835-843, 1997.
Tamarin F, Brandstetter RD: Risk for obstructive sleep apnea. (Letter to Editor)
Ann Intern Med 132: 758, 2000.
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