ࡱ> # !"@=Wq=UK*9rt[4%];%xZ]hTG>q HcmMÚ覍Rw1ԟ6MC(!]BI!ۤj "H!;$+KgJPu"Ebo{O N3nwLZE}W}cW\/ g&%2NnmxWPs[rR4|kaR>k_)9K?MՊ.H*_1G_VBk nrEk|_Z0wUlu2|7v' U:o4ٹ >!Ae\22ykpS|mFSh $Y[y x+?O }m6o^[اHȹxkk]uFka&$KP=-/u{`5mG؝r.cυz{e}G`P3P@9Rw ZGlp߼*؝\5dBN!|WYIX݅.:Ck/uau7v'.9r^g; khlևzB_A n%؝r.QD =ŊY +_?z@9R7t-7%b7v'B@{^ˍzAt;[Y3nH{Z zKJTB7fRލ݉{ =yv\Vb=[Yu"NՇzmV9R :MmmڤĞpcwn\ur^ WַǚY? $Y fKntCk{@{^#ɑz!`TY!9I6C@+};[9JI7v'+)%J{6U *[VSIV;4ͿBSJӿj^߫i}HiOݺs߈1<3 Q|N‚xUp8/-` xC2>       HH//,,'(v*****=31$1111110  Y  $ !"#$%&'(@):./0123456$78 9:;<=$$$$$_$"$q=UK*9rt[_$$r$r%KP)sp:"Mi_ 0AAp!x"g1WB@8UVm g4KdKdԫ 0pp@ <4BdBd8A10lx<4!d!d8A10lxg49d9dL 0Xp@ ppoO ʚ;o8ʚ;<4dddd8108{9___PPT10 62___PPT9/ 0? %O = Health Beliefs Bill Klein Department of Psychology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Mind-Body Center Summer Institute June, 2006T>7R . 2GI4/L 5,6-H8J9lwxyz{~P  0` 3` ff>>\fg` J*T333` QYmx~3ft` \ғhEy`` cb^DDf`Y˵W` sg7xGr` K%ޯd{mG/` 33f` f` 3>?" dd@,?nFd@    @ `  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` `<p>> N0 rjp@(  @ @ 6ۍ #" `b `  b*0   @ 6 #" `` `  d* 0  xT ~ @ "~\ { @ "{ @ c BB CDEFd @ bb   H   T W6Vw}\gFQ6<1++11 1L b6xQrq 6\}N   - c    0 A Q g     S    6N KawF bFy0 a*ly7lE;uz  B | a F 0 ! 1 < B < & l L 0  @`"T  @ c |BC+DEFyd @ ==gL6cI}\eA& w6m!W<! &<W!r6W}F6\}>68QNlX^XH8+Sgg|@`"Jo 5 J @  B! CDEF @ ))\*l{FDNF W% W ! !   ! 6X L b x_ /aF6b}SA$|l\\TX@`s"*  T  u4  @ B C%DEF ss&QW}k6D Q r 8 N c t y y ;t Qi gS }8     T   :0\-Q4*%%v*o(V}5q;  S   < s } l \ g} \, L ;n &  Z}\[6 }WF<! e C }h m W ]  ,t B RxkqA,Rg@`" {b  @  BCDEFy @ ,,Lh6\}mWG &a*zCxsh-&jG]~5g6&LLZ\@`s"*   u(   @  BCDE|Fy @ __@% M|f4@{ f0`lA}L\A+h MB6ww FJl{ 0V|{J  *5KlGn a*:Pf\|6 /6Kbf|F kP}5x}VvaP@@@`s"*   =>   @ c BlCrDEF"d@ rlrl@`"~  @ 6 " `}  T Click to edit Master title style! ! @ 6 #" ``   d* 0  $ @ 0 " `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S @  hg1Ad޽h ?50%"` 3___PPT10i. u%.+D=' ?= @B +  Stream2 U0 N0 1)D{(  DxT ~ D "~\ { D "{ D c BB CDEFd @ bb   H   T W6Vw}\gFQ6<1++11 1L b6xQrq 6\}N   - c    0 A Q g     S    6N KawF bFy0 a*ly7lE;uz  B | a F 0 ! 1 < B < & l L 0  @`"T  D c |BC+DEFyd @ ==gL6cI}\eA& w6m!W<! &<W!r6W}F6\}>68QNlX^XH8+Sgg|@`"Jo 5 J D  B! CDEF @ ))\*l{FDNF W% W ! !   ! 6X L b x_ /aF6b}SA$|l\\TX@`s"*  T  u4 D B C%DEF ss&QW}k6D Q r 8 N c t y y ;t Qi gS }8     T   :0\-Q4*%%v*o(V}5q;  S   < s } l \ g} \, L ;n &  Z}\[6 }WF<! e C }h m W ]  ,t B RxkqA,Rg@`" {b D  BCDEFy @ ,,Lh6\}mWG &a*zCxsh-&jG]~5g6&LLZ\@`s"*   u(   D  BCDE|Fy @ __@% M|f4@{ f0`lA}L\A+h MB6ww FJl{ 0V|{J  *5KlGn a*:Pf\|6 /6Kbf|F kP}5x}VvaP@@@`s"*   =>   D c BlCrDEF"d@ rlrl@`"~  D <q? "F  ? T Click to edit Master title style! !  D 0T}? " `   ? W#Click to edit Master subtitle style$ $  D 6e? #" `` ` ? b*0   D 6? #" `b  ? d* 0   D 6d? #" `d ` ? d* 0   D  hg1Ad޽h ?50%"` 3___PPT10i. u%.+D=' ?= @B +U0 0*( $@   0 P    X*   0&     Z* d  c $ ?    0<  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6H `P   X*   6P `   Z* H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.<  8(  8 8 0D? P   ? X*  8 0l?    ? Z*  8 6x? _P  ? X*  8 6\? _  ? Z* H 8 0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.54/  U 0 N0 @(  r  S 7 @pp   H  0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +U,0 N0  @(    TT XX?`p [ Outline 6 00  0HY Pp  #Beliefs, Behavior, and Physical Health Health Beliefs Attitudes and knowledge Social cognitions Perceived vulnerability Perceived control/efficacy Behavioral intentions Mental representations of illness Attribution and blame &66H  0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +uUx0 N0  " G(     T|` XX?`p hBeliefs and Behavior 600  0d Pp ,$D 0 Leading causes of death are behavioral (e.g., smoking, alcohol use, nutrition, high risk sex) Need to understand beliefs that underlie these behaviors in order to change them Health Behavior Models Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen & Madden, 1986) Health Belief Model (Janz & Becker, 1984) Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers, 1983) Stage Models: Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska, DiClemente, & Norcross, 1992); Precaution Adoption Process Model (Weinstein et al., 1998) (b&K  QH  0޽h ? NF___PPT10&+qZD ' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ^%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* ^D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* ^D' =%(D.' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* "D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* "D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "N%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* "ND' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* "ND' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* N%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* ND' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* N+7U80 N0 F> #(  X  0 `0 X  0@0 l  6-"`g2  6hv   =PBC02  6z  JSubjective Norms02  6~ C Attitudes 0 2  6܁  D Intentions 0 l  6;"`  2  6̆ p  BBehavior 0  ! TĊ XX?`0 nTheory of Planned Behavior 600~ " 0 pPp   H  0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +U0 N0 #| (  |   | TL XX?`p hProblems with Models 600] | 0 Pp ,$@ 0 {Cross-sectional Role of environmental constraints and temptations Past behavior Interactions and paths often not specified 2{zH | 0޽h ? 2*___PPT10 + |D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*| D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*| D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| B%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*| BD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*| BD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| BP%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*| BPD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*| BPD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*| P{%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*| P{D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*| P{+/U90 N0  v(      Tܠ XX?`0 kAttitudes and Knowledge 600G   0 pPp ,$@ 0 Knowledge Perceived costs and benefits Framing health messages (Rothman & Salovey, 1997) Affective orientation toward behavior Cognitive dissonance Induced hypocrisy (Stone et al., 1994) Defensive processing of health messages Fear appeals (Hovland et al., 1953) Perceived threat (Croyle et al., 1993) Perceived credibility (Liberman & Chaiken, 1992) Self-affirmation (Sherman et al., 2000) '2;'('2%'(bJ!&3H   0޽h ? ))___PPT10)+}FDD)' = @B D=)' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*  '%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*  'D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*  'D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 'Y%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 'YD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 'YDn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Y%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* YD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* YD4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =%(D.' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* .%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* .D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* .D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ._%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* ._D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* ._D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* _%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* _D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* _+*Uy0 N0 @" Y(     T XX?`0 eSocial Cognitions 6000  04 pPp ,$@ 0 Subjective norms Injunctive vs. descriptive norms Perceived prevalence/social comparison False consensus and false uniqueness (Suls et al., 1988) Norm misperception (Prentice & Miller, 1993) Threatening social comparisons (Klein & Kunda, 1993) Prototype perception Adolescent prototypes (Gibbons et al., 1998) Stereotypes (Weinstein, 1980) Self-presentation Appearance vs. health (Mahler et al., 2003) !'K.!'K  .    ,dH  0޽h ? P%H%___PPT10(%+1;[D %' = @B D$' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 2Y%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 2YD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 2YD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Y%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* YD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* YD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D ' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 6D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 6D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 6T%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* 6TD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* 6TD4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* Tf%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* TfD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* TfD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* f%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* fD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* f+U-0 N0 `<U(   ; TT XX?`0 mPerceived Vulnerability I 600$ < 0 p ,$@ 0 Conceptualization Perceived risk (absolute and comparative), perceived probability, perceived likelihood, unrealistic optimism Role of affect (e.g.,  feeling at risk and regret) Lay problems with risk estimation Use of probability (e.g., small vs. large, 50/50 `" 50%)\"8!8H  0޽h ?  ~ ___PPT10^ +E-DB ' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*<%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*<D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*<D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*< %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*< D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*< +Uz0 N0 `"$ (  $  $ T XX?`0 G *0 $ 0D p  G * $ T XX?`0 aPerceived Risk of Breast Cancer& $$ $ 0, Pp  : ` $  c $A ???P ? $ <D`` G '(Lipkus, Klein, Skinner, & Rimer, 2005)(0(H $ 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +$U0 N0 3+# l (  l  l T XX?`0 mPerceived Vulnerability I 600  l 0  p  2Conceptualization Perceived risk (absolute and comparative), perceived probability, perceived likelihood, unrealistic optimism Role of affect (e.g.,  feeling at risk and regret) Lay problems with risk estimation Use of probability (e.g., small vs. large, 50/50 `" 50%) Use of heuristics (availability heuristic, base rate fallacy) ~"w!vH l 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +PU{0 N0 _W"?,  (  ,  *, 6 g  D0  +, T XX?`0 hIllusory Correlation 600 ,, 08! Pp  :  r p  -, # #"UVUp  .,  <+? %   J2  @` /,  <3?%  I4 @` 0,  6<?%   ZLow Antibiotic Use @` 1,  <E? %  I4 @` 2,  <G? %  I8 @` 3,  6W?%  [High Antibiotic Use @` 4,  6X? p XNo Breast Cancer @` 5,  6lh?p  U Breast Cancer @` 6,  6p?p R  @``B 7,  0o ?ppZB 8,  s *1 ?ZB 9,  s *1 ?% % `B :,  0o ?  `B ;,  0o ?p ZB <,  s *1 ?p ZB =,  s *1 ? p `B >,  0o ?p  ?, <voJV B0 H , 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +bU0 N0 qi#t (  t  t Tz XX?`0 mPerceived Vulnerability I 600 t 0H p  pConceptualization Perceived risk (absolute and comparative), perceived probability, perceived likelihood, unrealistic optimism Role of affect (e.g.,  feeling at risk and regret) Lay problems with risk estimation Use of probability (e.g., small vs. large, 50/50 `" 50%) Use of heuristics (availability heuristic, base rate fallacy) Matching percentages to labels ~"!H t 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + U0 N0 /'`###d (  d  d 6 g  D0  d T XX?`0 dEC Verbal Labels 600 d 0 Pp  : W~ p'  d # #"*nmnnnmp'  d  <l? '  T  @` d  <L? '  P< .01% @` d  <\? '  S Very rare   @`  d  <\?L   T  @`  d  <l? L   S 0.01-0.1%   @`  d  <T?L  NRare @`  d  <H?L  T  @`  d  <(? L  P0.1-1% @` d  <0? L  RUncommon   @` d  <@?p T  @` d  <? p O1-10% @` d  <?p  PCommon @` d  <?p T  @` d  <? p O> 10% @` d  <p? p U Very Common   @` d  6"?p ^AVERAGE LAY ESTIMATE @` d  62? p W EC ASSIGNMENT @` d  6;?p  [VERBAL DESCRIPTOR @``B d  0o ?ppZB d  s *1 ?ZB d  s *1 ?ppZB d  s *1 ?ZB d  s *1 ?L L ZB d  s *1 ?  `B d  0o ?' ' `B d  0o ?p' ZB  d  s *1 ? p ' ZB !d  s *1 ?p' `B "d  0o ?p'  #d <@ ,v x(Berry, Raynor, & Knapp, 2006)0H d 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +U0 N0  +## (     6! g  D0   T XX?`0 dEC Verbal Labels 600  0S Pp  : 2~ p'   # #"*nmnnnmp'    <^? '  L4% @`   <g? '  P< .01% @`   <xp? '  S Very rare   @`   <b?L   L8% @`   <Ȃ? L   S 0.01-0.1%   @`   <?L  NRare @`   <?L  M17% @`   <? L  P0.1-1% @`   <? L  RUncommon   @`   <ȯ?p M45% @`   <и? p O1-10% @`   <?p  PCommon @`   <?p M65% @`   <? p O> 10% @`   <? p U Very Common   @`   6?p ^AVERAGE LAY ESTIMATE @`   6<? p W EC ASSIGNMENT @`   6?p  [VERBAL DESCRIPTOR @``B   0o ?ppZB   s *1 ?ZB   s *1 ?ppZB   s *1 ?ZB   s *1 ?L L ZB   s *1 ?  `B   0o ?' ' `B   0o ?p' ZB   s *1 ? p ' ZB !  s *1 ?p' `B "  0o ?p'  # < ,v x(Berry, Raynor, & Knapp, 2006)0H  0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +[Ul0 N0   E(     T< XX?`0 nPerceived Vulnerability II 600  0 p ,$D 0 Relation to health outcomes Mammography (McCaul et al., 1996): r = .16 across samples; r = .33 among women with a family history Condom use (Gerrard et al., 1996) Processing health information (Radcliffe & Klein, 2002) Methodological concerns (Weinstein et al., 1998) TH  0޽h ? 6 . ___PPT10 +(z3D ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* +VU~0 N0 e]"D (  D  D Tg XX?`0 kCross-Sectional Designs 600 D 0$ pPp  f Possible interpretations of a significant correlation between risk perception and behavior: Risk Behavior (Motivation Ho, if +) Behavior Risk (Accuracy Ho, if -) Behavior Risk (Risk reappraisal Ho) Third Variable ^c#,H D 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +U0 N0 #L z(  L  L T' XX?`0 nPerceived Control/Efficacy 600H L 08h pPp  .Control perceptions (Langer & Rodin, 1977) Self-efficacy (Bandura, 1977) Response efficacy (Rogers, 1983) Perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991) Health locus of control (Wallston, 1992) Biases in control perceptions Illusion of control (Langer, 1975) Comparative perceptions (Klein & Kunda, 1994) FQIQP:G!k H L 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +U0 N0 +| %(  |  | TXB XX? @  | 0D  @  1  | 6GpP: ADrug Problem Imagine you are making a choice between the following two drug treatments for reducing heart attack risk: Drug A has lung-related side effects 1 out of every 100,000 times. However, when these side effects occur, they are instantly fatal. Overall, then, there is a 1 in 100,000 chance of a fatality if you take this drug. Drug B has lung-related side effects 4 out of every 100,000 times. However, when they occur, there are measures you can take to avoid becoming a fatality. The side effects lead to death about 50% of the time. Overall, then, there is a 2 in 100,000 chance of a fatality. Which drug do you prefer? ________  00 !m!!!! !'! | <XJ mKlein & Kunda, 19940H | 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +U0 N0  #T e(  T  T T^ XX?`0 iBehavioral Intentions 6008 T 0Db pPp  Intentions (Ajzen & Madden, 1986) Protection motivation (Rogers, 1983) Willingness (Gibbons et al., 1998) Contemplation (Prochaska et al., 1992), h H T 0޽h ? y___PPT10Y+D=' ?= @B +# Uw0 N0 " (     Ti XX?`0 @$ ~  0xl Pp     Tm XX?`0 gIllness Cognition I 600  0q pPp ,$D 0 rIllness Representations (Meyer, Leventhal, & Guttman, 1985) Cause, consequence, timeline, identity, control Acute vs. chronic illness Age differences (Gump et al., 2001) Unrealistic pessimism regarding coping (Blanton et al., 2001); affective forecasting6<nU<nU-H  0޽h ? ___PPT10+hD|' = @B D7' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* + U0 N0 zr@#\  (  \  \ T| XX?`0 @$ ~ \ 0 Pp    \ T XX?`0 hIllness Cognition II 600 \ 04 pPp ,$D 0 pAttribution (Seligman, 1975) Global, stable, internal attributions for negative events associated with earlier illness onset and mortality (e.g., U. S. Presidents, Hall of Fame baseball players) Characterological blame worse than behavioral blame over time (e.g., Glinder & Compas, 1999) Counterfactual thinking might promote less adaptive coping (Roese & Olson, 1995)&TT>4MH \ 0޽h ? 6 . ___PPT10 +hD ' = @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ %(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\ D' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\ Dn' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*\ q%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*\ qD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*\ q+0 0,( II@ R  3      C T @   : H  0޽h ? ̙330 P((  ^  S      c $X @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 p((  ^  S      c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 ((  ^  S      c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 ((  ^  S      c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0   ((   ^  S      c $  @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 " ((   ^  S      c $(' @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 0" ((   ^  S      c $t @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 P" ((   ^  S      c $` @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 p"( ((  ( ^ ( S     ( c $ @    H ( 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 "0 ((  0 ^ 0 S     0 c $ @    H 0 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 "H ((  H ^ H S     H c $ @    H H 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 #P ((  P ^ P S     P c $ @    H P 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 0#X ((  X ^ X S     X c $" @    H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 P#` ((  ` ^ ` S     ` c $4, @    H ` 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 p#h ((  h ^ h S     h c $ @    H h 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 #p ((  p ^ p S     p c $ @    H p 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 #x ((  x ^ x S     x c $$ @    H x 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 # ((   ^  S      c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 + ((   ^  S      c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h0 + ((   ^  S      c $ @    H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.3h BxZklT>wm ,B, k`!`THxPXlN )!".JVGE4FU EJ*R4 mB.S*4ܙw6΋͜oΜ9' %_ZE5XJ%ǼD5vkppPdV/E1ZOOMC`B!õ7B.'tvoYxS[nM;!" GېJ߅waJ*?+}Дr7ϴ>IG$=q'm_x?[Z"R#gCSXי4Ƚ 3 3!UYEؖ',J_7vp@dljNR6Mܣ&Y_dorv+ϲ`'2e%10ĕ!s Ր! 5oABAj!uxCxwV6_oaёh| >c\-㴹P#G;bk;vqMg{Rlޮ kUarϟf(qÿ`7;=*8kVxu|9s_Ƽ_jFF-mͬ3ӕj2y.aɋkteX|A̴_ _WMZEmzJ>X3smlOf5zu+bQ_hlfqU \q56wvS ,H)@l"ʦFe9 G˼e"vVA1!G&=NJ$ ֳ8Wun `#2>jHv,-uQrzWL?#W2^Kx"ӛ/`TO_n{?VF+OGqP ><(>H~imҎ2O BXT: ,՞U#N] %^bWnFȍ ;aD=*QmLm8v!v1buZyZaZK"Η oAiiW,[rrmu, !,`OoeA` ,p Z)Q-Ua7W'9N8NXM\:%yuJʥʫRS4N0NP\::`d9ww/}ri>W٥?i˽:*57#aװ5]nv~g8^tp)A,Os"_IsǸsԎ21擘ë!ZH]ܫ,".66+Zc"Xilvaّ3`k(n%$˻"Rjzh׃Q-6˟!VjKL\bVnu+l(}>; I7;OM,HG}Þ#pN}鑓$^ I>#AByς=~1c$GF5Gswsz97GJ z5hsJ$?1 1c#`%?q$_QvIG#ƾ>v1r6ߠfx$7F#CcP"&İ]T`/YJHc e`P"oİ]4^x$ CxpBl J$?1=y7sG(FZ=J$?1S #c>J$?11c#gaYx--$--!@--$--#B--$--$D--$--%F--$--'H--$--(J--$