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O  =-Gender and Health,Vicki S. Helgeson Carnegie Mellon University$Number of Deaths per 100,000 in 2005%%$,Life Expectancies Over the Twentieth Century-- hSex Differences in Mortality ! Over the 20th Century*5*( ( (,#NAge-Adjusted Death Rates (per 100,000) for the Leading Causes of Death in 2005OO Paradox:  "Women live longer than men but& & women report worse health than men. Men have higher rates of mortality. Women have higher rates of morbidity."HJ3% MorbidityFemales greater& Arthritis Immune disorders Digestive disorders Pain-related disorders Migraine Carpal tunnel Multiple Sclerosis Females worse subjective health perceptions Females greater symptoms (physical and psychological) starts in adolescence ZFZZZdZZZZFd  :)  7&   Classes of ExplanationsYBiology Genes Immune system Hormones Health behaviors Stressful life events Social roles L" 5"   5  Artifacts: Physician BiasJDepression Women are 2x likely to be depressed as men Clinicians more likely to classify symptoms as depression in women than men Clinicians less likely to detect depression in men than women PCP s detection of depression compared to independent screening of 19,000 patients (Borowsky et al., 2000) Clinicians more likely to provide medication to women than men, when symptoms are similar Due to patient? Due to provider? " " k" Z" !"  kZ!    Artifacts: Physician BiasbCoronary Heart Disease FACT: men have higher rates of heart disease than women FACT: heart disease is #1 killer of women, too FACT: onset of heart disease occurs later in women than men FACT: once diagnosed, women s disease is more advanced than men even when controlling for age FACT: women have more complications from treatment and higher mortality rates than menX" "  f 'Are women treated differently than men?(((Same symptoms more likely to be attributed to CHD in men than women Partly because men and women have different symptoms men have  classic chest pain Men more likely than women to be referred for: Catheterization Cholesterol-lowering medication Invasive treatment (PTCA, CABG) These relations generally hold when controlling for age Men fare better following invasive treatment than womenDT/P9!8" D6/P9  8  Smoking: men more (but& ) Alcohol: men more (but& ) Diet: possibly women better Exercise: men more Preventive health care: women more 8'  9(    Life EventsMeta-analysis of trauma (Tolin & Foa, 2006) Males > Females BUT Females: 6x adult sexual assault, 2.5x child sexual assault Males: 3.5x combat, war, terrorism, 1.5x nonsexual assault Meta-analysis of stressful life events (Davis, Matthews & Twamley, 1999) Females > Males: d = .12 Moderator: type of rating Stress exposure: d = +.08 Stress impact: d = +.18 Moderator: type of event Interpersonal: d = +.17 Personal: d = +.07,I4- w' "4    -  >nSex Comparisons of Interpersonal Stress and Non-interpersonal Stress Among Preadolescents and Adolescentsoo!7Differential Exposure? or Differential Vulnerability?880 Social Role: MenHazardous jobs (93% fatalities) Drive more (3x fatalities) Sex difference decreasing with time Risk-taking behavior Own guns Leisure activities (hunting, skydiving, skiing, mountain climbing) Participation in risky sports (football, wrestling) [and playing while injured]\;Z$ZZZ; $ -Encouragement of Risk-Taking Behavior in Boys.. cParent watched video of boy/girl on playground (ages 6-10) Stop tape and report what they would sayddSocial Role: WomenDSocial network double-edged sword: Provides support and potential to reduce stress Provides people to take care of Nurturant Role Hypothesis (Gove & Hughes, 1979) Exposed to more infectious agents Caretaking leads to fatigue and vulnerability to illness Time spent caring for others leads to less time spent caring for selfr#ZPZ1ZZ# P/  t Gender-Related Traits: FemaleLinks to Well-BeingCommunion Provides social support Linked to social skills Unrelated to psychological distress Unmitigated communion Linked to psychological distress Linked to self-neglect Linked to rumination about others Linked to poor adjustment to disease Linked to poor metabolic controlT ZTZZZ T%UC Laboratory Studies(PExposed to person who self-discloses problem Study 1: Friend Study 2: Stranger*-$- $('/$1Adolescents with Diabetes (Helgeson et al., 2007) 2  132 adolescents with diabetes 131 healthy adolescents Average age 12 (11-13) Interviewed annually UC ! ! distress ! self-esteem ! metabolic control UC ! ! eating disturbances UC ! eating disturbances ! distress self-esteem metabolic control bPP" PC" P" P" P$" PL!PPb # h " $"K"# Gender-Related Traits: MaleLinks to Well-BeingMAgency Linked to good health behavior (exercise) Linked to self-efficacy, perceptions of control Linked to high self-esteem Linked to reduced stress Unmitigated agency Linked to psychological reactance Linked to poor health behavior Linked to noncompliance Linked to problem behaviors (delinquency, smoking, etc.) Linked to hostilityT) *!+"hWhich explanation accounts for the  Gender Paradox ?55(Health Behaviors Men s mortality Social Role Factors Women s morbidity.N$<$$/;<=>?@ABCD E F G H IJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[ \!0 0` fxf` f` w?/1D` ffnk3juf` om.~.%s]` HT33}p` iͻwK` ĭt`2s` X1T=>?" dd@,?" dd@   " @ `"  n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` `6p>> $,,<+(  <P&Z  <# " < TA2 @ "I I  <  B CDE0F:  (e   80`(@`"h 0 < Ba CDE<FF  X@'(9"?Echo,u$"zhb\Q3#AlYNkHqBqvL( 0BNTf~n\JD>8,&8VtT  *T P4n:h@h^hbP>l,'&MDhzY(:Lh^VjE|9-39?EVh4q|*jF4(8Pbb @vlTNN` ` 9a   $@`"   < s BCDExFy @  #y5P_M8eph4XX$pT@HJ(#kHpw=@@" < BCxDE@FJ $6H`el/xxr`NH"$@`" %  < BCxDE0F:  *BZflBxx<@`"Y |   < NBCDExF   $Mx+`0  *6NTlA>@@`",?$  < BC2DEF 110 ,20Tlx~s~ f>Z\TnNtHzB<tD *6<<B[T7l~r00dh@`"\- $  < BX CqDEF $066666<cB9N YekqwhD2,,2 2%21 CI=+y=w7`IHU6a0g*ggmmssmmjmGmsyyoE3( hVD!'[9+KQWi~l`Z *TOuW9!28 > \ i#| <f3Kiu}`BvXA5))#A)Y5e;kAqRqdk|ke_0_lYYSSSMA/%2Jc\E9Uo+ X X <X ( $$dh@`" b~   < s JB&CDEXFby @ 1q &&$ *6<BT~q1S.0@`">@@  < ~BCDEFѭ  @`"jk> < s BCDEFy @ --L*TZfxs2 Y51$7 Ias sa5OM=e7+ &8JmxZ@<d*u$?[\@"? 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CWH.(  H< H Bt_ z F>6___PPT9 |"  2 9 @ ` < H B_ z F>6___PPT9 |"  2 9 @ ` x EH c $H_< `  _ S*  `0 WH #">2 F `0<$D 0 _ 2H <_?P `0 N1.13 @` 1H <_?@ P0 O13355 @` 0H <"_?0 @ 0 O15100 @` /H <8_?  00 S 85 and over   @` .H < H_?P `  N1.41 @` -H <Q_?@ P  N4539 @` ,H <W_?0 @  N6409 @` +H <T_?  0  M75-84 @` *H <8b_?P `  N1.50 @` )H <U_?@ P  N1761 @` (H <?0 @  N2647 @` 'H <?  0  M65-74 @` &H <?P `  N1.59 @` %H <!?@ P  M706 @` $H <*?0 @  N1121 @` #H <h3?  0  M55-64 @` "H <<?P `  N1.73 @` !H <.?@ P  M311 @`  H <lN?0 @  M539 @` H <W?  0  M45-54 @` H <`?P`  N1.69 @` H <i?@ P  M142 @` H <r?0@  M240 @` H <{? 0  M35-44 @` H <Ą?P` N2.17 @` H <̍?@ P L63 @` H <Ԗ?0@  M137 @` H <9? 0 M25-34 @` H <9?P` N2.63 @` H <9?@ P L43 @` H <9?0@  M113 @` H <9? 0 M15-24 @` H <9?P` N1.36 @` H <A9?@ P L14 @` H <J9?0@  L19 @` H <S9? 0 L5-14 @` H <M9?P` N1.14 @`  H <@9?@ P L28 @`  H <!9?0@  L32 @`  H <T*9? 0 L01-4 @`  H B,9?P` uMale:Female ratio  @`  H B9?@ P PFemale @` H B9?0@  NMale @` H BT9? 0 MAge @``B 3H 0o ? `ZB 4H s *1 ? `ZB 5H s *1 ? `ZB 6H s *1 ? `ZB 7H s *1 ? `ZB 8H s *1 ? `ZB 9H s *1 ?  ` ZB :H s *1 ?  ` ZB ;H s *1 ?  ` ZB H 0o ? 0`0`B ?H 0o ?  0ZB @H s *1 ?000ZB AH s *1 ?@ @ 0ZB BH s *1 ?PP0`B CH 0o ?``0 TH 0X90,$0 b.Source: Adapted from U.S. Census Bureau (2007)/ 2/H H 0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10..= =+ԚRDm' [9= @B D(' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D_' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*WH%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*WHD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*WHD' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*TH%(+8+0+TH0 +] I0 lUdUPwTT(  Tx T c $lI_< `p  _ ^R  `E T #"F:  `E<$D 0 _ T <?{` N76.5 @` T <X?{ N69.5 @` T <>?  N80.8 @` T <c9?   N75.7 @` T <9?  N80.4 @` T <XQ? N75.2 @` T <S?  L2005 @` YT <(]?{>`E N33.5 @` XT <k?>{E N32.5 @` WT <t? >E N48.7 @` VT <}? > E N46.6 @` UT <Ԇ?> E N48.3 @` TT <܏?>E N46.3 @` ST <L? >E L1900 @` RT <?{E `> N37.5 @` QT <?E {> N33.8 @` PT <M? E > N52.0 @` OT <N? E > N48.6 @` NT <C?E > N51.8 @` MT < ?E > N48.4 @` LT <? E > L1910 @` KT <$?{L `E  N45.2 @` JT <?L {E  N45.5 @` IT <? L E  N55.6 @` HT <? L E  N54.4 @` GT <0?L E  N54.6 @` FT <x?L E  N53.6 @` ET <J? L E  L1920 @` DT <?{S `L  N49.2 @` CT <?S {L  N47.3 @` BT <? S L  N63.5 @` AT <? S L  N59.7 @` @T <"f?S L  N61.6 @` ?T <-f?S L  N58.1 @` >T <5f? S L  L1930 @` =T <>f?{Z `S  N54.9 @` `>`B fT 0o ? E`E`B gT 0o ?  ZB hT s *1 ?EZB iT s *1 ?EZB jT s *1 ?  EZB kT s *1 ?  EZB lT s *1 ?EZB mT s *1 ?{{E`B nT 0o ?``E`B T 0o ?``B T 0o ?  EB T <1 ?"0@NNN?N ` T 0q<% ,$0 JSource: National Center for Health Statistics (2008) Note: The figures from 1900 to 1960 for black people reflect  black and other people 2H T 0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10..=P$TT+ȝ,Dm' $_= @B D(' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D_' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*TD' =+4 8?dCB1+#ppt_h/2BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*TD' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*T%(+8+0+T0 +  I0 #Be(  x  c $|< `}      `3  B #"&{  `3   < Bf ?"`P `  L79.5 @` : Bf ?"`@ P  L74.1 @` 8 B0f ?"`0 @  Q 5.4 years   @` 6 Bdf ?"`  0  N2000 @` 3 Bhe?P `3  L80.4 @` 1 Bte?@ P3  L75.2 @` / Be?0 @ 3  Q 5.2 years   @` - BP)#?  03  N2005 @`  Bԇ#?P#`  L77.5 @`  B|}#?@ #P  L70.0 @`  B4#?0#@  Q 7.5 years   @`  BPF!? #0  N1980 @`   BPU!?P`# L48.3 @`   Br!?@ P# L46.3 @`   Bdk!?0@ # O2 years @`   BH)!? 0# N1900 @`   B8!?P ` PFemale @`  BA!?@ P NMale @`  BC!?0 @  XSex Difference @`  BL!?  0 R  @``B  0o ?  ` ZB  s *1 ? `ZB  s *1 ? #`#ZB  s *1 ?  ` `B  0o ? 3 `3 `B  0o ?   3 ZB  s *1 ?0 03 ZB  s *1 ?@ @ 3 ZB  s *1 ?P P3 `B  0o ?` `3 B 7 <1 ?"0@NNN?N  `  " 0 !@},$0 c%What are the leading causes of death?"&( 2& H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10.T?UYf+7DG' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D9' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B@@%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*"D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*"D' =+4 8?HCBBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*"D' =-g6B fade*<3<*"+8+0+"0 +k I0 jj lL\j(  Lx mL c $ \f< `3  f g  L #"RF# f  TL H! ?"6@ NNN?N O2.8F @`  SL H! ?"6@ NNN?N' O5.7F @`  RL H! ?"6@ NNN?Nk' O3.8F @`  QL H! ?"6@ NNN?N k O6.1F @` PL H^* ?"6@ NNN?N  RHomicide F  @`  OL H4* ?"6@ NNN?N  O0.6F @`  NL H0* ?"6@ NNN?N'  O0.4F @`  ML H* ?"6@ NNN?Nk ' O2.2F @`  LL Hx!* ?"6@ NNN?N k O6.6F @`. KL Hh** ?"6@ NNN?N  p&Parkinson s diseaseF @`  JL H3* ?"6@ NNN?N#   O1.0F @`  IL H<* ?"6@ NNN?N'#   O2.6F @`  HL HE* ?"6@ NNN?Nk# '  O1.0F @`  GL HN* ?"6@ NNN?N # k  O8.4F @`& FL H2 ?"6@ NNN?N#  hHypertension and renal diseaseF @`  EL H= ?"6@ NNN?NG #  O1.6F @`  DL H6 ?"6@ NNN?N'G #  O0.8F @`  CL Hs ?"6@ NNN?NkG '#  O2.1F @`  BL H{ ?"6@ NNN?N G k#  O9.3F @` AL H ?"6@ NNN?NG #  W Liver diseaseF @`  @L Ht ?"6@ NNN?Nk G  O0.4F @`  ?L H ?"6@ NNN?N'k G  O0.4F @`  >L H ?"6@ NNN?Nkk 'G  O4.1F @` =L H# ?"6@ NNN?N k kG  P11.0F @`  ?"6@ NNN?N' k  O2.2F @`  9L HG ?"6@ NNN?Nk 'k  O1.2F @` 8L HP ?"6@ NNN?N kk  P11.5F @` 7L HY ?"6@ NNN?N k  T Septicemia F  @`  6L H$` ?"6@ NNN?N   O0.9F @`  5L H i ?"6@ NNN?N'   O2.3F @`  4L H0 ?"6@ NNN?Nk '  O1.4F @` 3L H莑 ?"6@ NNN?N k  P14.8F @` 2L Hx‘ ?"6@ NNN?N  XKidney diseaseF @`  1L Hx ?"6@ NNN?N  O0.8F @`  0L H| ?"6@ NNN?N'  O1.1F @`  /L HD ?"6@ NNN?Nk'  O1.3F @` .L H` ?"6@ NNN?N k  P21.3F @` -L HX ?"6@ NNN?N  aPneumonia and influenzaF @`  ,L HD ?"6@ NNN?N O0.6F @`  +L H ?"6@ NNN?N' O0.8F @`  *L H ?"6@ NNN?Nk' O0.7F @` )L H# ?"6@ NNN?N k P24.2F @`. (L H) ?"6@ NNN?N  p&Alzheimer s diseaseF @`  'L H0H ?"6@ NNN?N O1.6F @`  &L H\= ?"6@ NNN?N' O2.1F @`  %L H ?"6@ NNN?Nk' O1.3F @` $L H ?"6@ NNN?N k P25.3F @` #L HlА ?"6@ NNN?N  [Diabetes mellitusF @`  "L HHِ ?"6@ NNN?NA O0.8F @`  !L Hː ?"6@ NNN?N'A O1.0F @`   L HÐ ?"6@ NNN?NkA' O2.2F @` L Hf ?"6@ NNN?N Ak P39.7F @` L HHp ?"6@ NNN?NA  S Accidents F  @`  L H ?"6@ NNN?NeA O0.4F @`  L H ?"6@ NNN?N'eA O0.7F @`  L H, ?"6@ NNN?Nke'A O1.3F @` L H4 ?"6@ NNN?N ekA P44.2F @`) L Ht ?"6@ NNN?Ne A k!Chronic lower respiratory disease"F" @`  L H ?"6@ NNN?Ne O0.8F @`  L H$0 ?"6@ NNN?N'e O1.5F @`  L H< ?"6@ NNN?Nk'e O1.0F @` L H ?"6@ NNN?N ke P48.4F @`9 L HT ?"6@ NNN?N e {Cerebrovascular diseaseF  @`  L Ht ?"6@ NNN?N O0.7F @`  L H ?"6@ NNN?N' O1.2F @`  L H ?"6@ NNN?Nk' O1.4F @` L H$ ?"6@ NNN?N k Q188.7F @` L H ?"6@ NNN?N  PCancerF @`  L H6 ?"6@ NNN?N O0.7F @`   L H? ?"6@ NNN?N' O1.3F @`   L HP ?"6@ NNN?Nk' O1.5F @`  L HY ?"6@ NNN?N k Q220.0F @`  L Hb ?"6@ NNN?N  W Heart DiseaseF @`  L Bk ?"6@ NNN?N P H/WA @` L B+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*d)?D' =0l9 BB A AHCC*<3<*d)?D' g=0l9 BBHCCBB*<3<*d%()?D' =1:B (0.5)*Y3>B ppt_x<*dD ' g=+4 . B (0.5)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*d%()?D' =1:B(#ppt_y+0.4)*Y3>B ppt_y<*dD' g=+4 . B(#ppt_y+0.4)0B(#ppt_y)*Y3>B ppt_y<*d%()?Dh' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d %(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*d D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*d D' =+K4 8?CBB#ppt_x+(cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x-sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CB?B*Y3>B ppt_x<*d D' =+K4 8?CBB#ppt_y+(sin(-2*pi*(1-$))*-#ppt_x+cos(-2*pi*(1-$))*(1-#ppt_y))*(1-$)CB?B*Y3>B ppt_y<*d D' =%(DJ' =%(D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d!F%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*d!F%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*d!F%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*d!F%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*d!F%(X))?)?D' =%(DR' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dHl%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*dHlD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dHlD-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*dHl)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dHl%()?D' =%(DR' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*dl%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*dlD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*dlD-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*dl)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*dl%()?+8+0+d0 +} I0 0 $(  r  S }< `}   r  S P< `  H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10i.Y *+D=' = @B +% I0 <4p (  s  HDt ?"6@ NNN?Ng Odds ratio of Women Having More Health Symptoms than Men Across 29 European and North American Countries low GDI medium GDI high GDI 11-year-olds 1.56 1.17 1.18 13-year-olds 1.88 1.70 1.56 15-year-olds 2.27 1.91 1.88 Note: higher number = female > male GDI = Gender Development Index, high GDI signifies women have higher education ad income.00l     B@2 ?"6@ NNN?Nd iTorsheim (2006)$0 2H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10i.\pQR@+D=' = @B + I0 @ -(    HA p? @ p  0<  +Source: Adapted from Weissman et al. (1996), 2,  6Apg(  OLifetime rate of depression 2  0tFt a-Incidence of Major Depression Across Cultures. 2.H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10i.$~Y+D=' = @B +< I 0  hV(  h h  6 N<"` `}    h c $H<`P@ p<$@0  "p`Pp h TA ?< - m<$D 0 > h TA  ?<0C l<$D0 >  h 0A ? k q,$D 0  h C <A$MCj04238000000[1]q l5 ,$D0H h 0޽h ? ffnk3jufl7d7___PPT10D7.= +D7' = @B D6' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Ds' =%(D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*h%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*h%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%(X))?)?D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*h%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*h%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%(X))?)?D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*h%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*h%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%(X))?)?D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*h%%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*h%%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%%(X))?)?D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*hD ' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%6%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%6%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*h%6%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*h%6%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h%6%(X))?)?Dc' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* h%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* hD ' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h6L%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h6L%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*h6L%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*h6L%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*h6L%(X))?)?Dc' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*hD ' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*hLZ%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*hLZ%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*hLZ%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*hLZ%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*hLZ%(X))?)?Dc' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* h%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<* h+s I 0  l~(  lx l c $< `}    l c $< <$D0  "h l  40e0eA     @  5% 8c8c     ?<A)BCD|E||# "0e@  `    @ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN 5%  N 5%  N    5%    !"?N@ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab0`  >  l  40e0eA     @  5% 8c8c     ?<A)BCD|E||# "0e@       @ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN 5%  N 5%  N    5%    !"?N@ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abJ P<$D0 >H l 0޽h ? ffnk3jufbb___PPT10|b.=C+DPb' = @B D b' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D ' =%(DH ' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l 6%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l 6%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l 6%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l 6%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*l 6DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l 6%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l 6%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l 6%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l 6%())?D ' =%(DH ' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l6%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l6%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l6%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l6%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*l6DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l6%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l6%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l6%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l6%())?D ' =%(DH ' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*lDW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l%())?D ' =%(DH ' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l+%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l+%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l+%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l+%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*l+DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l+%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l+%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l+%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l+%())?DR' =%(D' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l+%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l+%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l+%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l+%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*l+DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l+%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l+%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l+%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l+%())?D' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* l%(D'  =-g6B fade*<3<* l)?D'  =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<* l)?D3'  =+4 8?nCB#ppt_x+0.4BCB#ppt_x-0.05B*Y3>B ppt_x<* l)?D1'  =+4 8?lCB#ppt_y-0.4BCB#ppt_y+0.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<* l)?DK' =+4 8?fCB#ppt_x-0.05BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<* l%( )?DI' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_y+0.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<* l%( )?D ' =%(DH ' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*lDW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l%())?D ' =%(DH ' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*l%(DO' =+4 8?HCBBCBB*k3>'Bstyle.rotation<*l%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_wBCB#ppt_w*.05B*Y3>B ppt_w<*l%())?DY' =+4 8?dCB#ppt_w*.05BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*l%()?)D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*lDW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_x+.4BCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*l%())?D]' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y-.2BCB#ppt_y+.1B*Y3>B ppt_y<*l%())?DW' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_y+.1BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*l%()?)D' =-g6B fade*<3<*l%())?+؂I 0 @x(  x x C "`t ,$@0 x C "` ,$D0 x C "`!$ 2 ,$@ 0 x C "` ,$D 0bB x   ,$@ 0hB x #   ,$@ 0hB x # ] ^ ,$@ 0hB x # % & ,$@ 0hB x #   ,$@ 0hB x # ,$@ 0hB x # ,$@  0hB x # QR,$@  0bB x   ,$@  0bB x   f ,$@  0 x <0"`_ P| ,$  0 Q040G   x <T"`- P| ,$ 0 Q240G  !x <"` P|_ ,$ 0 Q440G  "x <T"` P|- ,$ 0 Q640G  #x <"`P|,$ 0 Q840G  $x <,"`Y&~,$ 0 R1040G  %x <h"`!&~,$ 0 R1240G  &x <x"` xJ,$ 0 R1440G M 'x B(‰ ?"6@ NNN?Nk,$ 0 i Depression B 0 20 2 . (x B͉ ?"6@ NNN?N`,$ 0 J$0 2  0x B ?"6@ NNN?N@,$ 0 /Also, response bias in the area of depression: /4 0 2"$ $ 8x B ?"6@ NNN?N,$ 0  Depression Hassles Depression Hassles Male FemaleZ0 2`  @x Bx ?"6@ NNN?NW0 ,$ 0 . Source: Adapted from Page & Bennesch (1993) D.0 20 2. H x 0޽h ? ̙33dk\k___PPT10+B#style.visibility<*0x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*0xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*0xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<* xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<* xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*!xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*!xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*"xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*"xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*#xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*#xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*$xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*$xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*%xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*%xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*&x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*&xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*&xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*'x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*'xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*'xD' =K@BBBBPB0B%(/%(UD' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*(xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*(xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*0xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*0xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*8x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*8xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*8xD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*@xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*@xD~' =%(D&' =%(D{' =4@BBB B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*xDK' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =-6B+checkerboard(across)*<3<*xD' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*xD' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*x%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*xD' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*x++0+x0 ++0+ x0 ++0+!x0 ++0+"x0 ++0+#x0 ++0+$x0 ++0+%x0 ++0+&x0 ++0+'x0 ++0+(x0 ++0+0x0 ++0+0x0 ++0+8x0 ++0+@x0 +R  I 0 :(  x  c $d< `}     c $L$<``p<$@0  "  TA  ?<   <$D0 >H  0޽h ? ffnk3jufPH___PPT10(.=@$+O CD' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*Dn' =%(D' =%(D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Q%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*QD[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Qd%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*QdD ' =%(D' =%(D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*d%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*dDn' =%(D' =%(D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*Dn' =%(D' =%(D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*L%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*LDn' =%(D' =%(D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Lw%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*LwD[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*w%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*w+ I 0 0\(  x  c $3< `}     c $p9< `P<$@ 0  H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10j.=@a!+VD>' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DB' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*DDE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*D%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*DD' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*PD' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*P%(D' =-6B%slide(fromBottom)*<3<*P+z9 I0 XP@(    c $< <$D0     TA ?<`<$D0    TA ?< 7 h<$D0 l  Bܐ ?"6@ NNN?N FClasses of Explanations& . 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(2002) & Ogden et al. (2006)??  6`kl  ROverweight Prevalence    BDP ?"6@ NNN?N P`g c#Overweight Children and Adolescents$$0 2$H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10i.$0l+D=' = @B +nM I0 tl(  x  c $W< `  >   c $dZ<  <$@0    `A <j0213033[1] < H  0޽h ? ffnk3jufJJ___PPT10zJ.=p~+EDNJ' = @B D J' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DL ' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*,D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*,D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*,)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*,%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,@%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*,@D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*,@D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*,@)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*,@%()?DL ' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@|%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*@|D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*@|D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*@|)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*@|%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*|%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*|D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*|D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*|)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*|%()?DL ' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*%()?D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*4D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*4D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*4)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*4%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4O%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*4OD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*4OD-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*4O)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*4O%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Oh%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*OhD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*OhD-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*Oh)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*Oh%()?D' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*h%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*hD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*hD-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*h)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*h%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*%()?D' =4@BB%BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_xBCB#ppt_xB*Y3>B ppt_x<*D-' =+4 8?hCB#ppt_y+1BCB#ppt_y-.03B*Y3>B ppt_y<*)?DI' d=+4 8?dCB#ppt_y-.03BCB#ppt_yB*Y3>B ppt_y<*%()?+s I0  (  x  c $ F< `}  F  0 BA ^?<   ^ F 0 BA ?<   F  6˃`G@  JInterpersonal stress 2   6Dσf  NNon-interpersonal stress 2   0ك`  b,Source: Adapted from Rudolph & Hammen (1999)- 2-H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10i.= z;+D=' = @B +)J0 @8P((  ( (  6_@"`0  _ H ( 0޽h ? ffnk3juf___PPT10i.^BB+D=' = @B +9 I0 \ T   (    c $< `}<$0  >   c $X< 0<$@0    TA ?<J P<$@ 0     40e0eA     @  5% 8c8c     ?<A)BCD|E||# "0e@       @ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN 5%  N 5%  N    5%    !"?N@ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab0P<$D0 H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf,/$/___PPT10/.= Ӱu+5a;D.' у= @B D[.' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(DW' =%(D' =A@BB"BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D ' X=+4 . B(-#ppt_w/2)0B(#ppt_x)*Y3>B ppt_x<*%(D' =+4 . B00B -1.0*[3>Bxshear<*%(X))?)?D' =0l9 BBBBBB*<3<*%(X))?)?D2' =+4 )B-(#ppt_h/3+#ppt_w*0.1)*Y3>B ppt_x<*%(X))?)?Dv' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<* D' =-g6B fade*<3<* D+' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* D ' =%(D ' =%(D' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ;%(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<* ;D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<* ;D' =-g6B fade*<3<* ;D' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*;_%(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*;_D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*;_D' =-g6B fade*<3<*;_Dw' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*_t%(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*_tD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*_tD' =-g6B fade*<3<*_tD' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t}%(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*t}D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*t}D' =-g6B fade*<3<*t}D' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*}%(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*}D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*}D' =-g6B fade*<3<*}D[' =4@BB BB%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D' =4@BB2BB%())?)D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?bCB#ppt_w+.3BCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D' =-g6B fade*<3<*+8+0+0 +xK I0 :: :Ye:(  x  c $<0     c $< `<$@0  T Pt  W #"*Pt <$D0   B + ?"6@ NNN?N t  L.3 @`  B+ ?"6@ NNN?Np t  L.4 @`  B+ ?"6@ NNN?NP pt  X+ Attn getting @`  BT%+ ?"6@ NNN?N   O3.8 * @`  B+ ?"6@ NNN?Np  M2.5 @`  B7+ ?"6@ NNN?NPp  X- Attn getting @`  BX@+ ?"6@ NNN?N  O4.4 * @`  BI+ ?"6@ NNN?Np  M1.2 @`  B:+ ?"6@ NNN?NPp NRisk @`  B\[+ ?"6@ NNN?N  L.8 @`  Bd+ ?"6@ NNN?Np  M1.1 @`   Bm+ ?"6@ NNN?NPp QNo Risk @`  Bv+ ?"6@ NNN?N  L.1 @`  B+ ?"6@ NNN?Np  L.1 @`    B+ ?"6@ NNN?NPp QNeutral @`    Bx+ ?"6@ NNN?N  QGirls @`   B+ ?"6@ NNN?Np  PBoys @`    BP+ ?"6@ NNN?NPp R  @`B  Bo ?"0@NNN?NPB  <1 ?"0@NNN?NPB  <1 ?"0@NNN?NPB  <1 ?"0@NNN?NPB   <1 ?"0@NNN?NPB ! <1 ?"0@NNN?NP  B " Bo ?"0@NNN?NPt t B # Bo ?"0@NNN?NPPt B $ <1 ?"0@NNN?Nppt B % <1 ?"0@NNN?N  t B & Bo ?"0@NNN?Nt  2  40e0eA     @  5% 8c8c     ?<A)BCD|E||# "0e@       @ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `abN 5%  N 5%  N    5%    !"?N@ABC DEFGHIJK5%LMNOPQRSTUWYZ[ \]^_ `ab>  <$D0 + 6 0t+  ` ,$0 P Verbalization during risk-taking!! P  Y #""/. P,$D0 C B+ ?"6@ NNN?N 1 O3.9 * @` B B+ ?"6@ NNN?N1  L.7 @`  A B+ ?"6@ NNN?NP1 QCaution @` @ B(+ ?"6@ NNN?N 1 O9.3 * @` ? B+ ?"6@ NNN?N 1 L.6 @` > B\+ ?"6@ NNN?NP1 \Directives to stop @` = B4+ ?"6@ NNN?N  N.5 * @` < B  ?"6@ NNN?N  M3.0 @` ; B ?"6@ NNN?NP  W Encouragement @`  : B  ?"6@ NNN?N   QGirls @` 9 Bm ?"6@ NNN?N  PBoys @`  8 B4p ?"6@ NNN?NP   R  @`B D Bo ?"0@NNN?NP  B E <1 ?"0@NNN?NP  B F <1 ?"0@NNN?NPB G <1 ?"0@NNN?NP11B H Bo ?"0@NNN?NPB I Bo ?"0@NNN?NP PB J <1 ?"0@NNN?N B K <1 ?"0@NNN?N B L Bo ?"0@NNN?N } S BД ?"6@ NNN?N ,$D0 %Source: Morrongiello & Dawber (2000)$&0 2&, H  0޽h ? ffnk3jufKC___PPT10#..=pFi+ DC' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D%' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*2%(D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*W%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*WDA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6%(D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Y%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*YD' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*S%(++0+0 ++0+60 ++0+S0 +K" I0 @$(  x  c $+< `}     c $+<` 0<$D0 +   TA ?< W <$D0 +H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf_W___PPT107.=S(4+S&|D ' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*#D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#S%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*#SD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*#SD\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Ss%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*SsD' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*SsD' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*t%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*tD3' =4@BB BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-o6Bdissolve*<3<*D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*D\' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBB B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*E%(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<*ED' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<*E+ I0   4(  x  c $/F< `}  F   01F Pd >@&  2`2  06F"`@p`  = COMMUNION  2  0;F"`   @  2   0D>F"`   B Self-Neglect   2  s *$BF"`0 @Overinvolved in Other s Problems! ! 2  0EF"`00 EFocus on Others L  c $Ekt6L @ c $nu L  c $ uk   BIF ?"6@ NNN?N p`  NUNMITIGATED COMMUNION0H  0޽h ??`  ffnk3juf___PPT10i.U? u+D=' = @B +B I0 rjP(  x  c $VF< `}  F   c $WF< `<$D 0 F   0|YF p0  >@&  2`H  0޽h ? ffnk3juf??___PPT10?.=p|+1D~?' = @B D9?' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D4' =%(D' =4@BBB B%()))D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* %(D' =+4 8?RCBBCB#ppt_wB*Y3>B ppt_w<* D' =+4 8?\CB#ppt_hBCB#ppt_hB*Y3>B ppt_h<* D' =%(DJ' =%(D' =4@BB"BB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* "%(D ' X=+4 . 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